Volume 13 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

In the classical art form of Kathakali, Aharya -- encompassing costume and makeup -- plays a pivotal role in the transformation of an actor into a character. This metamorphosis takes place in the Nepathya or backstage, a space seldom seen but vital to the theatrical experience. It is here that the actor is visually shaped into the role, long before stepping onto the stage. The backstage is more than a physical location; it represents the holistic preparation behind the performance, including set elements like the stage structure (rangamandapam), seating, props, headgear, ornaments, curtains, lighting (lamps, torches), and even symbolic elements like trees and chariots. Each of these contributes to creating the right atmosphere and conveying the character's state of being. The Natyashastra, the ancient treatise on dramaturgy, outlines thirteen essential aspects of drama, among which Rasa (aesthetic essence) is central. The remaining twelve -- including Abhinaya (acting) -- serve to support the realization of Rasa. Abhinaya is further divided into four components: Angika (gestural), Vachika (verbal), Satvika (emotional), and Aharya (costume and makeup). This clearly positions Aharya as an inseparable part of expressive performance. As noted by Panditaratnam K.P. Narayana Pisharody in his translation of the Natyashastra, once an actor visually embodies a character, expressive acting becomes significantly more natural and effective. The essence of a king, a madman, or any character is conveyed through appearance even before a single gesture is made -- such is the power of Aharya. This visual clarity allows the audience to instantly grasp the nature of the role. This paper delves into how such visual character definitions through Aharya lead to the classification of characters in Kathakali, exploring how external aesthetics reflect internal traits.

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 Keywords

Kathakali, Aharya Abhinaya, Character Classification, Natyashastra, Visual Semiotics

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Housing, alongside food and clothing, is a core component of human well-being and a critical determinant of sustainable development. Adequate housing not only supports physical and psychological health but also supports social stability, economic productivity, and environmental sustainability. In the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 11, which seeks to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, access to secure, affordable, and quality housing is paramount. In this backdrop, the thrust of the present paper is to evaluate the performance of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G) in advancing sustainable rural housing by providing permanent dwellings and associated basic amenities to households below the poverty line, and to identify the problems being faced by the respondents as well as the officials involved in dealing with the scheme. A comparative analysis of housing quality and access to essential services between beneficiary and non-beneficiary households in the Jammu and Doda districts of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has also been carried out. Empirical evidence is drawn from a structured primary survey encompassing 320 rural households, comprising 160 PMAY-G beneficiaries and 160 non-beneficiaries. After conducting the survey through personal interview method, the findings of the study are that even after six years of scheme implementation in the study area, approximately 65% of the rural households remain outside the program's coverage. Furthermore, a significant proportion of households continue to lack access to other civic amenities such as individual sanitation facilities, safe drinking water, and clean cooking fuel, thereby posing challenges to achieving inclusive and sustainable rural development.

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 Keywords

PMAY-G, Sustainable Development, Rural Housing, Basic Amenities, SDGs, Jammu and Kashmir, Policy Evaluation

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The Sundarban is a deltaic complex created by deposition of sediments by the rivers of Ganga and Brahmaputra, forming the world's largest wetland ecosystem. Studies done in the past points out to the changing nature of erosion and accretion process of the Sundarban Islands. This change is brought by many factors which are both natural as well as anthropogenic like storm surges, sea level rise, rainfall patterns, land reclamation for agriculture and settlement, etc. An attempt is made to study the changes of the Sundarban land and resources. The study is confined only to the Indian part of the Sundarban. The analysis is performed to examine the change of area of few selected northern and southern islands of the Sundarban region over time from 1988 to 2016. An attempt is made to study the changes in temporal configuration of the Bhangaduni Island in the said period. Furthermore an attempt is also made to analyze, examine and predict the scenario of the Bhangaduni Island by statistical analysis based on mathematical modeling.

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 Keywords

Sundarbans, erosion, accretion, Bhangaduni Island, prediction.

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The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of online teaching on the academic achievement of B.Ed. students in the pedagogy of physical science. Specifically, the study sought to: (1) evaluate the impact of online teaching on student achievement, (2) identify significant differences between control and experimental groups based on selected variables, and (3) explore the overall influence of online instruction on learning outcomes in physical science. An experimental research design was employed, with a sample of 100 B.Ed. students from Chennai. A self-constructed achievement test developed by the researcher served as the primary instrument for data collection. The findings indicated that online teaching is significantly more effective than traditional teaching methods in enhancing student achievement in physical science pedagogy. Based on these results, it is recommended that online teaching strategies can be extended to other educational levels and implemented in all B.Ed. colleges across Tamil Nadu to promote effective science education.

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 Keywords

Online Teaching, B.Ed. Students, Physical Science Pedagogy, Experimental Method

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Ladyfinger (Abelmoschus esculentus) is very prone to bacterial diseases, and the bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one such disease that presents formidable challenges in the domain of agricultural production. The current research work has been carried out with a view to ascertain the anti-bacterial potential of phytochemicals against some of the bacterial diseases in ladyfinger, particularly against Ralstonia solanacearum. Computational methodologies have been adopted in the present study by using a combination of bioinformatics tools for evaluating antibacterial potential with molecular docking studies of antibacterial phytochemicals. The MBGD database was used to identify candidate genes of Ralstonia solanacearum. Building and analysis of gene networks were done using Cytoscape and STRING. Then, the hub gene identification was performed with CytoHubba based on the following 12 parameters: MCC, DMNC, MNC, Degree, EPC, Bottleneck, EcCentricity, Closeness, Radiality, Betweenness, Stress, Clustering coefficient. The 'obg' identified hub gene was further modeled in SWISS-MODEL for its protein structure prediction. Literature studies were used to identify potential phytochemical ligands, which were further screened virtually using ADMETLab 3.0 according to their ligand properties for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity. Molecular docking studies were finally done using SeamDock, taking the identified priority gene as the receptor and the 20 screened phytochemicals. Molecular docking studies revealed the antibacterial potential of Conessine (C24H40N2) obtained from stem bark of Holarrhena floribunda (-9.01 kcal/mol), member of family Apocynaceae, to be a drug of efficacy for the treatment of bacterial wilt in ladyfinger plants. The results indicate several phytochemical candidates, possibly from plants of renowned antimicrobial properties, to show promising interactions with the Ralstonia solanacearum hub gene. It uses computational and experimental approaches to enhance the understanding of natural compounds in controlling bacterial diseases in ladyfinger cultivation.

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 Keywords

Ralstonia solanacearum, ladyfinger, obg gene, Conessine, network biology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Our app society management combines live CCTV surveillance and robust threat detection for enhanced security and efficiency in community administration. The application thus offers society administrators and residents an opportunity for real-time video feeds from surveillance cameras on premise to maintain vigilance. It has features such as AI-based threat detection, which can utilize computer vision techniques such as object detection and motion tracking to identify potential security threats, such as unauthorized access, anomalous motion or dangerous objects such as weapons for example. Apart from this, the application also supports alerting messages, as well as notifications and emergency alerts for more effective management of residents for a safer and more organized stay. All these aspects put together serve as a holistic solution for modern residential communities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Society Management, Threat Detection, CCTV Monitoring, Event Booking

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sentiment Analysis, Machine Learning, Organization Ranking, Natural Language Processing, Reputation Management, Text Classification.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the cloud, the information is exchanged among the server and customer. Cloud security is the present exchange in the IT world. This review paper helps in anchoring the information without influencing the system layers and shielding the information from unapproved sections into the server, the information is anchored in server dependent on clients' decision of security strategy so information is given high secure need. Usually cloud computing services are delivered by a third party provider who owns the infrastructure. It advantages to mention but a few include scalability, resilience, flexibility, efficiency and outsourcing non-core activities. Cloud computing offers an innovative business model for organizations to adopt IT services without upfront investment. Despite the potential gains achieved from the cloud computing, the organizations are slow in accepting it due to security issues and challenges associated with it. Security is one of the major issues which hamper the growth of cloud. In this Cloud processing innovation there are a gathering of critical strategy issues, which incorporate a few issues of protection, security, namelessness, media communications limit, government observation, unwavering quality, and risk, look at among others. So the most imperative between them is security insurance and how cloud supplier guarantees it.

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 Keywords

Cloud, Security, Secure data Transmission, privacy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Corporate Governance (CG) has emerged as a critical determinant of sustainable corporate success and investor confidence globally. In India, following significant corporate scandals and regulatory reforms, the relationship between CG practices and firm performance has gained intense scrutiny. This research paper empirically investigates this relationship within the context of publicly listed companies on major Indian stock exchanges (BSE, NSE). Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzes panel data for a sample of 250 non-financial NSE-listed companies over a five-year period (FY2019 to FY2023). CG is measured through a comprehensive index incorporating board characteristics (size, independence, diversity, meeting frequency, committees), audit quality (Big 4 affiliation, audit fees), ownership structure (promoter holding, institutional ownership, foreign ownership), and disclosure practices. Firm performance is captured using both accounting-based measures (Return on Assets - ROA, Return on Equity - ROE) and market-based measures (Tobin's Q, Market-to-Book Value Ratio - MTB). Control variables include firm size, leverage, age, and industry. Regression analysis reveals a statistically significant positive relationship between robust CG practices and superior firm performance across both accounting and market metrics. Key findings indicate that board independence, gender diversity, active audit committees, higher institutional ownership, and enhanced disclosure quality are particularly strong positive drivers. However, the study also identifies the persistent challenge of high promoter ownership concentration in India, which exhibits a complex, non-linear relationship with performance, suggesting potential entrenchment effects beyond certain thresholds. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for regulators (SEBI), company boards, investors, and policymakers, emphasizing the need for continued strengthening of CG frameworks, effective enforcement, and fostering a genuine culture of governance beyond mere compliance. Recommendations include enhancing board effectiveness, promoting shareholder activism, and leveraging technology for better monitoring.

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 Keywords

Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, India, Board of Directors, Ownership Structure, Disclosure, SEBI, Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR), Promoter Holding, Institutional Investors, Board Diversity, Audit Committee, Tobin's Q, ROA, ROE, Panel Data Regression

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This research paper presents a comprehensive study on a power consumption monitoring system designed to optimize energy efficiency. The system effectively monitors and analyzes energy usage patterns across multiple devices, providing valuable insights for energy conservation. The study highlights the system's benefits, including increased efficiency, cost savings, and reduced energy consumption. However, it also identifies limitations, such as potential data transmission delays and compatibility issues with certain devices. To address these challenges, the paper proposes future improvements, including the integration of advanced data analytics and machine learning algorithms to predict energy consumption patterns. The findings of this study have significant implications for industries seeking to reduce their energy footprint and promote sustainable practices.

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 Keywords

RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) ,TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition