Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

In an age marked by speedy urbanization and technological revolution, the Town Assistant project is a bridge of technology connecting citizens to local authorities. As a mobile application, it provides a central point for complaining, tax payment, access to emergency services, and civic communication. Developed on Flutter, Firebase and Javascript, Town Assistant guarantees real-time updating, secure entry, and simplicity of use by both citizens and authorities. The paper discusses system design, implementation process, challenges, and future improvements in accordance with the vision of smart cities.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Smart City, Civic Tech, Municipal App, Real-Time Communication, Complaint Escalation, Video Calling, Firebase Authentication, Civic Transparency, Flutter Framework, Authority Management.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Carbon-based nanomaterials have emerged as pivotal agents in nanoscience due to their remarkable physicochemical versatility and structural tunability. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), encompassing fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene derivatives, and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), demonstrate extraordinary properties including high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and biocompatibility. This article presents a comprehensive review of the fundamental structures, advanced synthesis techniques, surface functionalization strategies, and cutting-edge applications of CNPs. Emphasis is placed on the integration of CNPs in energy systems, nanoelectronics, targeted drug delivery, and biosensing. Challenges related to cytotoxicity, environmental impact, and large-scale production are critically discussed, along with insights into future research trajectories.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

carbon nano particle, CNPs, CNTs, CQDs

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The tribal communities generally have a traditional system of governance that persists to this day, albeit in various forms. The Tangkhul Naga community in Manipur boasts a rich history of traditional governance structures and economic practices that have evolved over centuries. This study explores how conventional governance systems, rooted in customary laws and community-centric leadership, intersect with the contemporary economic activities of the Tangkhul. While traditional practices such as land distribution, resource management, and dispute resolution continue to influence socio-economic behaviour, modern challenges, including urbanization, market expansion, and state policies, have reshaped these dynamics. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, oral histories, and secondary sources, this research examines how these governance structures adapt to changing economic landscapes while maintaining continuity with cultural identity. It highlights the role of village councils, clan-based decision-making, and collective labour systems in sustaining traditional livelihoods such as agriculture and handicrafts. Furthermore, the study investigates the community's integration into modern economic networks and the tensions between conventional norms and market-driven strategies. This intersectional analysis provides insights into the resilience and adaptability of the Tangkhul community and contributes to broader discourses on indigenous governance, sustainable development, and cultural preservation in the context of rapid socio-economic transformation.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Traditional governance, Customary laws, Resource management, Urbanization, Village councils, Traditional livelihoods.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ALL GOVT EXAM PREPARTION FOR STUDENT .

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

HINDI MEDIUM GENERAL KNOWELDGE

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Behavioural psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study and analysis of observable behaviour. It examines how behaviour is learned, shaped, and modified through external stimuli, reinforcement, and conditioning. This field has significantly influenced psychological thought over the years, leading to extensive research on various topics, including the long-term effects of childhood trauma, the development of habits, and the impact of behavioural patterns on mental health. Additionally, behavioural psychology plays a crucial role in understanding and addressing everyday challenges such as aging, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. By applying behavioural principles, psychologists have developed effective therapeutic approaches to modify dysfunctional behaviour and promote healthier patterns of thinking and acting. The four main sub-disciplines of behavioural psychology include Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA), Behaviour Modification, Cognitive Therapy, and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT). These approaches are widely used in therapeutic settings to treat psychological disorders, improve learning outcomes, and enhance overall well-being. This paper explores the fundamental principles of behavioural psychology, its historical evolution, various techniques, and its practical significance in different aspects of life. While much progress has been made in this field, further research is necessary to deepen our understanding of behavioural patterns and refine intervention strategies for better psychological well-being.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

John. B. Watson, Behaviourism, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Classical, Operant, Habit Formation, Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy, Applied Behaviour Analysis, Psychological Disorders, Stimulus-Response Theory

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The shift toward digital learning has exposed critical limitations in traditional online education, particularly in fostering interaction and reducing student isolation. This paper addresses the limitations of traditional online learning tools in fostering engagement and reducing student isolation by proposing a 2D metaverse platform for virtual classrooms. This web-based platform utilizes spatially aware environments, avatar-based navigation, and proximity-based communication to create an immersive and interactive learning experience. Preliminary evaluations suggest improved engagement and collaboration compared to conventional video conferencing. The paper also discusses the platform's architecture, key challenges like latency and accessibility, and future research directions, highlighting the potential of low-dimensional metaverses to democratize virtual education.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Metaverse, immersive learning, peer-to-peer, scalability, real-time communication, proximity-based communication

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Post-operative scars often lead to complications such as pain, restricted mobility, and poor tissue compliance, which can negatively impact a patient's physical function and quality of life. Manual therapy interventions, including scar massage, mobilization, dry needling, kinesiology taping, and cupping therapy, have been increasingly used to address these issues. This narrative review explores the current evidence supporting the use of manual therapy techniques in post-operative scar management. The current review aims to highlights effectiveness of these methods in enhancing tissue mobility, reducing adhesions, improving scar quality, and contributing to better patient outcomes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Post-operative scars, Manual therapy, Scar mobilization, Dry needling, Kinesiology taping, Cupping therapy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In the field of cybersecurity, efficient reconnaissance and enumeration processes are vital for identifying potential vulnerabilities in target systems. This paper presents an innovative, automated CLI tool designed to streamline recon and enumeration tasks for cybersecurity professionals and vulnerability assessment teams. The tool integrates essential functionalities such as DNS lookups, reverse DNS, subdomain enumeration, zone transfer testing, web crawling, and sensitive data scanning, including API key and credential detection from popular services like MongoDB, AWS, and Google Cloud. With a user-centric interface and automation-focused design, our tool enhances the speed, accuracy, and depth of information gathering required for effective Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT). Extensive testing on real-world systems demonstrated that our solution effectively reduces the manual effort associated with reconnaissance tasks, while providing comprehensive data to support thorough security assessments.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gender, Reconnaissance, Enumeration, Cybersecurity, Vulnerability Assessment, Web Security.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The PIET Maintenance Web App is a web-based complaint management system designed to streamline the process of reporting, tracking, and resolving infrastructure-related issues within educational institutions. Developed specifically for the PIET, the system provides role-based access to students, teachers, and maintenance staff, ensuring each user interacts with a personalized dashboard tailored to their responsibilities. The application allows users to submit maintenance complaints with detailed descriptions and optional image attachments, categorizing issues such as plumbing, electrical, and cleanliness. These complaints are stored in a centralized database via secure backend APIs, enabling real-time status updates and efficient data management. The maintenance team can view all complaints, apply filters by type, status, and date, and update complaint statuses from 'Pending' to 'In Progress' or 'Resolved'. The system architecture integrates a responsive frontend developed using modern web technologies with a Node.js and Express-based backend. MongoDB is used as the database to manage structured complaint data, while image uploads are handled through cloud storage. This web-based platform enhances transparency, accountability, and operational efficiency in campus facility management, eliminating the drawbacks of manual complaint handling. The PIET Maintenance Web App offers scalability, portability, and ease of use, making it a practical and replicable solution for colleges, hostels, and other institutional facilities requiring structured infrastructure maintenance workflows.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Complaint Management System, Infrastructure Maintenance, Role-Based Access, Web Application, Node.js and MongoDB, Real-Time Status Tracking, Educational Institutions

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

One of the cornerstones of India's democratic system is the Panchayat Raj System (PRS), which aims to decentralize power and strengthen rural government. But in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), administrative hurdles, political unrest, and armed strife have all made its execution difficult. Historical, political, and socioeconomic variables have molded Jammu and Kashmir's (J&K) Panchayat Raj System (PRS), which has experienced substantial changes. Key legal changes, governance obstacles, and recurring issues such as security risks, bureaucratic inefficiency, political resistance, financial dependency, etc. are examined in this article, which traces the evolution of PRS in Kashmir from its foundation, specifically from 1935 to 2019. With the repeal of Article 370 in 2019, the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 2021 was introduced, bringing J&K within the national Panchayati Raj structure. Beginning under Dogra control and continuing until the Central Government repealed Art 370 of the Constitution in 2019, this historical endeavor seeks to depict the growth of the Panchayat Raj System in Kashmir.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Decentralisation, Grassroots , Supersession, Council, Halqa

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition