Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

A key component of international humanitarian law is the principle of civilian protection, which aims to reduce the human cost of armed conflicts. However, there have been numerous instances of this principle being broken during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, such as blind targeting, forced relocation, and attacks on civilian infrastructure. This study looks at how well both sides of the conflict have complied with IHL's provisions protecting civilians, highlighting known offences and their impact on communities affected by the conflict. Additionally, it assesses the extent to which international organisations, like the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), have addressed these violations. The paper outlines the difficulties in guaranteeing compliance with IHL and offers practical suggestions to improve civilian protection in contemporary warfare by examining major events and enforcement tactics.

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 Keywords

Civilian Protection; International Humanitarian Law; Russia-Ukraine Conflict; Compliance and Violations; and International Organisations.

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 Abstract

This study explores the potential of Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) for achieving sustained competitive advantage in Larsen & Toubro (L&T) Constructions, one of India's leading engineering and construction conglomerates. In an industry characterized by intense competition, cost pressures, and commoditization, BOS offers a framework for value innovation creating uncontested market space and making the competition between HCC and IRCON. This research analyses L&T's current strategic position and identifies opportunities to shift from competing in saturated "red oceans" to unlocking new demand through differentiation and low cost. Using a qualitative approach supported by case analysis, industry reports, and strategic tools such as the Strategy Canvas and Four Actions Framework and ERRC Grid the paper highlights key areas where L&T can innovate in project delivery, sustainability, digital transformation, and client engagement. The study concludes that embracing BOS can enable L&T Constructions to break away from traditional industry constraints and establish leadership in emerging blue ocean markets, thus ensuring long-term growth and profitability.

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 Keywords

Blue Ocean strategy, competitive advantage, uncontested market, long term growth, profitability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medical system encompasses excellent knowledge about human body and provides a comprehensive view of the body structures, emphasizing their interconnection and balance, necessary for optimal health. In Ayurvedic Samhitas, description related to Rachana shareera is found abundant in Bruhatrayis (the texts of Charaka, Sushruta & Vagbhata). Laghutrayis (the texts by Sharngadhara, Bhavamishra & Madhavakara), with their primary focus on therapeutic&diagnostic aspects of health care, also enrich the anatomical knowledge with detailed descriptions of body structures, functional insights, & pathophysiological correlations. Information on Rachana shareera from bruhatrayis is accessible. How ever in the context of Laghutrayis, information pertaining to Rachana Shareera is scattered throughout. Indeed, navigating through multiple sources to find specific information can be challenging. This article will be a glance view for Rachana shareera in Laghutrayis and also highlight the multifaceted approach of the Laghutrayis in enhancing the anatomical aspects of Ayurveda.

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 Keywords

Laghutrayis, Brihatrayis, Rachana shareera

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Drug is any chemical substance derived from plants, animals or mineral resources, be it traditional or orthodox which is used for internal application to the human body in the treatment of diseases, reduce pain or modify the functions of the various system of the body. Excessive Usage of these Drugs without the prescription from the doctors is called as Drug Addiction. The Drug Addiction has been on a steady rise over the past few years amongst students.The excessive addiction of drugs amongst students is making students dull and they tendtolosetheircharacters.Studentsaresoaddictedtodrugsnowadays.TheGovernmentand educational institutions are taking many serious measures to stop the usage of these drugs amongst students.This study shows the influence of drugs on college students in Coimbatore City.

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 Keywords

Drugs,Addiction,Student,DrugAbuse

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Rapid urbanization and increased traffic congestion make it difficult for emergency vehicles to navigate crowded areas, causing delays that can be life-threatening. Traditional traffic systems rely on static infrastructure, which lacks real-time adaptability. This project proposes an IoT and AI-driven system that uses sensors and deep learning algorithms to monitor traffic density and detect emergency vehicles. It dynamically adjusts lanes to create clear paths, activating road changes through a microcontroller-based unit like Arduino or Raspberry Pi.The system also includes LED indicators, audio alerts, and digital screens on traffic signals to guide drivers. IoT integration allows cloud-based data processing and remote monitoring, enabling real-time optimization of emergency paths. By automating traffic management, this system reduces response times and enhances overall efficiency, contributing to smart city goals with a more adaptive, intelligent approach to urban traffic.

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 Keywords

Emergency lane system,Traffic management,IoT, CNN-based vehicle detection&Smart road infrastructure.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Agricultural waste burning represents a significant environmental challenge in rural areas, particularly during harvesting seasons, and constitutes a major source of air pollution. This study investigates the extent and implications of air pollution resulting from crop residue burning, examining its effects on human health, environmental sustainability, and agricultural productivity. The combustion of agricultural waste releases numerous pollutants into the atmosphere, including particulate matter (PM?.? and PM??), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO?), sulfur dioxide (SO?), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), all of which significantly degrade air quality [1]. Beyond contributing to air pollution, this practice increases greenhouse gas emissions, reduces soil fertility, and disrupts local ecosystems [2]. This paper explores the underlying causes of agricultural waste burning, assesses its multifaceted consequences, and proposes evidence-based mitigation strategies, including alternative waste management approaches, improved agricultural practices, and policy interventions. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive approaches to address this critical environmental and public health challenge facing rural communities worldwide.

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Crop residue burning, Air pollution, Sustainable agriculture, Ecosystem disruption, Mitigation strategies, Rural health

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered considerable attention owing to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics and extensive applicability across biological, environmental, and industrial domains. Conventional techniques for AgNP production often use hazardous compounds, prompting apprehensions about toxicity and environmental consequences. Green synthesis offers a sustainable alternative by using biological sources, including plant extracts, fungus, bacteria, and biomolecules, to facilitate nanoparticle creation. This method employs an environmentally sustainable process in which natural phytochemicals and microbial enzymes serve as reducing and stabilizing agents, guaranteeing biocompatibility and improved functioning. The characterization of green-synthesized AgNPs employs techniques including UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to assess structural integrity, morphology, and stability. These nanoparticles have numerous uses in medicine, catalysis, water purification, food packaging, and sensor technologies, underscoring their significance in breakthroughs in nanotechnology. Notwithstanding their promise, obstacles like scalability, repeatability, and mechanistic optimization persist, requiring more study to enhance synthesis techniques and broaden transdisciplinary applications. This study offers a thorough examination of the processes, characterisation, and applications of green-synthesized AgNPs, highlighting their importance in sustainable science and technology.

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Bioreduction, Eco-friendly nanotechnology, Nanoparticle characterization, Biomedical applications

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Text summarization continues to be a challenging task--how do we capture the essence of a long document in just a few sentences, without losing meaning or introducing errors? In this work, we present a hybrid approach that combines the strengths of both extractive and abstractive summarization, striking a balance between factual accuracy and natural language generation. Our method starts by selecting important sentences using a KL-divergence-based technique, which helps ensure the summary remains grounded in the original content. These selected sentences are then passed to a fine-tuned T5 model, known for its ability to generate fluent, coherent summaries. To further enhance performance, we apply reinforcement learning that guides the model to optimize its output based on ROUGE scores. This three-stage process leads to summaries that are not only readable but also more aligned with the core information in the source text. We evaluate our approach on several benchmark datasets and observe notable improvements over standard baselines. Overall, this work shows that a thoughtfully designed hybrid method--leveraging statistical grounding and neural fluency--can produce high-quality summaries. Future directions include exploring different ways to measure summary quality and adapting the approach to new domains and languages.

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Text Summarization, Hybrid Summarization, Extractive Summarization, Abstractive Summarization, Kullback-Leibler Divergence, BART, Reinforcement Learning, ROUGE.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In India, sexuality, sexual movements, and queer identities are closely tied to Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, a colonial-era law imposed by the British in 1860 to criminalize same-sex relationships. This law suppressed India's historically diverse approach to sexuality, which included acceptance of same-sex love in ancient texts and poetry. The paper explores how Section 377, rooted in Victorian morality, erased India's rich sexual traditions, with its impact still felt today. While the Delhi High Court partially decriminalized certain aspects of Section 377 in 2009, the Supreme Court reinstated it in 2013, intensifying the fight for sexual rights. The LGBTQIA+ movement in India gained momentum in the 1990s, driven by organizations like ABVA and the Naz Foundation, with international NGOs playing a key role. However, this movement often sidelined poorer and more diverse queer identities, influenced by Western perspectives. The 2018 Supreme Court ruling decriminalizing same-sex relations was a major legal victory, but the paper argues that it has not led to full societal acceptance or equality. Challenges such as workplace discrimination, lack of mental health support, and cultural stigma persist. The paper concludes that true equality in India requires more than legal reform; it demands a shift in social attitudes and structural changes to support marginalized queer identities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Section 377, LGBTQIA+ rights, Colonialism and sexuality, Queer identities, Decriminalization, Social acceptance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present study examined the relationships between stoicism, social comparison, and mental well-being among North Indian college students, while also considering differences across gender, education level, and spiritual or religious beliefs. Contrary to expectations, stoicism did not significantly predict mental well-being or social comparison, and no mediation effect was observed. However, non-binary participants reported significantly higher stoicism scores than their male and female counterparts, suggesting that stoicism may function as a coping response to minority stress in this population. These findings highlight the need to critically evaluate the cultural validity of Western psychological measures and underscore the importance of intersectional and context-sensitive approaches to mental health research in non-Western populations.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Stoicism, Social Comparison Theory, Mental Well-Being, Psychological Resilience, Emotional Regulation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition