Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, which established the three-tier Panchayati Raj system in India, marked a transformative step in local governance and women empowerment. By mandating one-third reservation for women in elected positions, this amendment opened new avenues for rural women to participate in political decision-making processes. Himachal Pradesh, known for its socio-economic progress relative to other Indian states, has effectively implemented this mandate, subsequently raising the reservation to 50%. This paper aims to examine the impact of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) on women's empowerment in Himachal Pradesh. It assesses the nature of their participation, socio-political influence, and the barriers hindering qualitative leadership. Drawing upon secondary data sources and scholarly studies, this research analyzes how the reservation policy has translated into social mobility, economic independence, and leadership development for women, especially in rural areas. The paper also discusses the complementary role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), training initiatives, and policy amendments. The study reveals both achievements and persisting challenges. While women's representation in PRIs has significantly increased, issues like proxy leadership, patriarchal attitudes, limited training, and socio-cultural constraints still limit their functional autonomy. Evidence suggests that combining capacity building with participatory governance models and integrating women's collectives with PRIs can foster more sustainable empowerment. The paper argues that Panchayati Raj in Himachal Pradesh has led to notable changes in gender relations at the grassroots, yet full empowerment demands consistent institutional support and social reform. The study proposes actionable strategies to strengthen women's roles within local governance structures and advocates for inclusive, gender-sensitive policy interventions.

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 Keywords

Women, Empowerment, Progress, Panchayati Raj,73rd Amendment

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease affecting millions worldwide, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Unani medicine, an ancient healing system originating from Greco-Arabic traditions, offers a holistic approach to manage OA symptoms. This paper provides a comprehensive review of Unani therapeutics for OA, encompassing historical background, etiology according to Unani philosophy, diagnostic principles, and evidence-based treatment modalities. Through an analysis of recent scientific studies and traditional Unani texts, this review evaluates the efficacy and safety of commonly used Unani interventions, including herbal formulations, dietary recommendations, lifestyle modifications, and physical therapies. Additionally, challenges and future directions in integrating Unani medicine with conventional approaches for OA management are discussed.

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 Keywords

Unani medicine, osteoarthritis, Waja-ul-Mafasil, traditional medicine, herbal therapy, Ilaj bil-Tadbeer, anti-inflammatory agents, regimenal therapy, joint disorders, complementary and alternative medicine.

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In the last decade, blockchain technology has come into being and has gained a lot of traction in many sectors, including banking, government, energy, health, etc. This paper provides a detailed analysis of blockchain technologies in the medical field. Indeed, in this field, on-going research is advancing rapidly. We have therefore produced many state-of-the-art use cases using blockchain technology, such as the sharing of electronic medical records, remote access for patients, the supply chain of medicines, etc. In the healthcare sector, stakeholders need interoperability, security, authenticity, transparency and seamless transactions. The Internet-based blockchain technology promises to enable peer-to-peer and interoperable use of current health data using a patient-centred approach that excludes third parties. Applications for managing and exchanging safe, transparent and immutable systematic fraud audit trails can be created with this technology. In order to identify key challenges faced by different health stakeholders and to analyse the features of blockchain technology that could solve identified problems, the present study analyses existing literature. We also concentrated on finding the limitations of the approaches studied and finally discussed some open research concerns and potential areas of research. However, future studies must be focused on the concerns and disadvantages of this technology.

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 Keywords

Blockchain, Smart contracts, PHR (Personal Health Records), healthcare, access control.

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The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are changing the dynamics of higher education system in India. This paper aims to study the transformative aspects of AI, AR and VR on Indian Higher Education institutions (HEIs) vis-a-vis challenges concerning their use within the scope of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the solutions that have been proposed to facilitate their adoption in education. Using a theoretical approach, this study tries to investigates existing literature, expert perspectives and relevant pointers regarding these technologies in India's higher education system. The study sheds light on the evolving role of technologies like AI, AR and VR in digital campuses and the ability to foster learning environments that are more personalized and engaging. This research may enable the educational system of India to meet the aims outlined in NEP 2020 for creating a more inclusive, innovative educational ecosystem.

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 Keywords

Digital campus, Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, Higher Education System, NEP 2020

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Internet of Things (IoT) devices at the network edge, ensuring secure and scalable authentication mechanisms has become a significant challenge. Traditional centralized authentication systems are often susceptible to single points of failure and struggle with the scalability demands of modern edge environments by outside attacks or internal cheating. In this project using blockchain technology to securing data without any third person to access data without data user knowledge. Pervious they using cloud services to securing data but now I am using block chain concept to securing data nodes format. in that admin send key to user only they generate and access file any third person access admin can report and block person. In cloud platform we can't use this kind of technology to securing data.

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 Keywords

Decentralized authentication, block chain technology, IOT (internet of things), block chain- based IOT (internet of things) to secure data, Authentication Protocols, Access Control

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Abstract: This paper examines the interplay of trauma, psychological transformation, and the bildungsroman tradition in The Innate Pathfinder: Even the Water Has a Voice. Positioned within a narrative where internal wounds find expression and resilience emerges from suffering, the memoir portrays a profound journey of self-discovery. Drawing on theories of psychological development and trauma studies, this paper explores how the protagonist's personal wounds serve as both obstacles and catalysts for growth. The bildungsroman tradition, typically associated with the youthful journey toward maturity, the protagonist's passage to selfhood is not linear but circular, mirroring the natural cycles suggested by the memoir's elemental imagery particularly water. Water, with its dual capacity to nourish and erode, symbolizes both the fragility and resilience of the human spirit. It becomes a metaphor for the persistent voice of the wounded self, whispering through every stage of the protagonist's evolution. Dr. Satvik the protagonist gives his major, minor experiences through eleven chapters where he spills out his repressed desires and exposures. The narrative structure of The Innate Pathfinder emphasizes fragmented memory, emotional dislocation, and the struggle for coherence after trauma. The protagonist's psychological journey involves confronting silences both imposed and self-generated and reclaiming the right to speak, to exist, and to define oneself beyond the scars of the past. Through this lens, the memoir is not only a coming-of-age story but also a coming-to-voice story of Dr. Satvik, where the protagonist must navigate inherited pain, societal expectations, and personal losses to ultimately reconstitute a new sense of self. This paper argues that the intersection of psychological trauma and the bildungsroman framework offers a richer understanding of how identities are fractured and reassembled. By situating the protagonist's voice as both a product of and response to trauma, The Innate Pathfinder expands the traditional boundaries of the bildungsroman genre. It suggests that maturity is less about the achievement of external milestones and more about the internal reconciliation of wounded fragments. In doing so, the memoir positions trauma not merely as a site of devastation but as a space where transformation becomes possible. Ultimately, The Innate Pathfinder: Even the Water Has a Voice articulates a narrative where wounds are not silent, they speak, guide, and even empower. The water's voice, like the protagonist's, reminds us that from within the deepest fractures, new pathways can emerge.

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Keywords: - Internal wounds, Coming-to-voice story, Self-generated, Confronting silences, Resilience

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This study presents a comprehensive financial analysis of Mahindra & Mahindra Limited (M&M), a leading Indian multinational corporation in the automotive and farm equipment sectors. The objective is to evaluate the company's financial health, performance trends, and strategic positioning over a five-year period. Key financial indicators such as profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, and efficiency ratios have been analyzed using data sourced from annual reports and financial statements. The study also includes a comparative analysis with industry benchmarks and major competitors to provide a broader context. Findings reveal M&M's robust performance in its core segments, prudent financial management, and resilience amid market fluctuations. The analysis concludes with insights into the company's future growth prospects and recommendations for stakeholders based on the financial trends observed.

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Financial Analysis, Trend Analysis, Profitability, Liquidity, Solvency, Automotive Industry, Financial Performance, Investment Analysis, Comparative Analysis, Annual Reports, Strategic Financial Management., Indian Corporations, Economic Trends.

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As the demand for renewable energy continues to rise, there is an increasing need for more sophisticated maintenance and optimization strategies to ensure these systems operate efficiently and sustainably over time. Conventional maintenance methods often struggle to anticipate equipment failures or optimize performance effectively, especially in the complex and ever-changing environments of renewable energy infrastructures. This project explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to address these challenges by applying predictive maintenance and optimization techniques to renewable energy systems. By leveraging machine learning algorithms--such as deep neural networks and reinforcement learning--we developed models capable of forecasting potential issues and fine-tuning system performance. Our models were trained using extensive datasets gathered from real-world wind farms, solar arrays, and hydroelectric facilities. The findings revealed that AI-based approaches could accurately predict equipment failures with an impressive 92% accuracy rate. This led to a 35% reduction in unexpected downtime when compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the AI-driven optimization strategies boosted energy output by an average of 8.5% across all systems studied. One of the key strengths of the proposed framework is its adaptability. It performed consistently well under varying environmental conditions and across different types of renewable energy setups, indicating its potential for widespread adoption. Ultimately, this research highlights the transformative role AI can play in enhancing the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of clean energy production--marking a significant step forward in the evolution of renewable energy management.

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 Keywords

Artificial intelligence (AI); Renewable energy systems; Predictive maintenance; Operational optimization; Machine learning; Deep neural networks.

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Carpooling is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective travel option for college students traveling between home and college. This paper introduces the development and design of a carpooling mobile app that is particularly suited for college students. The application is intended to link students heading in the same direction, lower the cost of travel, alleviate traffic, and minimize environmental effects. We outline the features, technologies, and deployment approaches utilized and forecast possible implications from student surveys.

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 Keywords

Carpooling, College Students, Mobile Application, Sustainable Transportation, Ride Sharing

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A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The concept of a purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash represents a significant evolution in the way online payments can be conducted. Traditionally, financial transactions have relied heavily on intermediaries, such as banks or payment processors, to facilitate exchanges between parties. This reliance on third parties not only introduces additional costs and delays but also raises concerns about privacy and security. By enabling direct transactions between individuals, a peer-to-peer electronic cash system eliminates the need for these intermediaries, allowing for faster, more efficient, and potentially more secure transactions. The implications of this shift are profound, as it empowers users to have greater control over their financial interactions, reduces transaction fees, and enhances privacy by minimizing the amount of personal information shared with third parties.

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 Keywords

Peer-to-Peer (P2P), Electronic Cash, Online Payments, Digital Signatures, Double-Spending, Trusted Third Party, Peer-to-Peer Network, Timestamps, Hashing, Proof-of-Work (PoW), Blockchain, Financial Transactions, Intermediaries, Banks, Payment Processors, Privacy, Security, Direct Transactions, Transaction Fees, Personal Information

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