Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

The internet has become an integral part of modern life, revolutionizing how individuals communicate, transact, learn, and conduct business. However, this digital transformation has also led to the emergence of serious cyber threats, including hacking, identity theft, phishing scams, cyberbullying, data breaches, and the spread of misinformation. In response to these growing challenges, countries worldwide, including India, have developed comprehensive legal frameworks known as cyberlaws to regulate digital conduct and ensure user safety. This paper explores the critical role of cyberlaws and emphasizes the urgent need for public awareness in the current digital landscape. India's primary legal framework for governing cyberspace is the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), which defines cyber offenses and prescribes penalties. The paper outlines essential sections under the IT Act that deal with hacking (Sections 43 and 66), identity theft (Sections 66C and 72), phishing and online fraud (Section 66D), cyberstalking and harassment (Sections 66E and 354D), and cyberterrorism (Section 66F). These laws not only criminalize malicious activities but also empower individuals to protect themselves and seek legal remedies. Additionally, provisions like Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act allow electronic records such as emails and messages to be used as admissible evidence in court, highlighting the growing importance of digital documentation in legal proceedings. The paper further examines the evolution of data protection norms with the introduction of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and the relevance of Sections 43A and 72A of the IT Act, which mandate responsible handling of sensitive personal data. It also discusses the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, aiming to establish a Data Protection Authority and extend greater control to users over their digital information. In addition to cybercrimes, the paper explores the significance of Intellectual Property (IP) laws, which protect digital creations such as music, art, software, and designs. Raising awareness about IP rights helps prevent unintentional infringements, fosters innovation, and ensures recognition for creators. The study also focuses on the widespread issue of online financial fraud, including phishing, UPI scams, and fake investment schemes. By highlighting legal recourses and promoting digital literacy, individuals--especially vulnerable groups--can be better equipped to protect their finances. Lastly, the paper addresses social media misuse, a growing concern in the digital age. Cyberbullying, identity theft, misinformation, and online defamation are prevalent on these platforms, necessitating user education and ethical digital behavior.

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Cyberlaws

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In the dynamic field of civil engineering, concrete remains an indomitable material choice due to its versatile properties suited for myriad construction applications--from monumental infrastructure projects to intricate architectural designs. The quest for optimizing this ubiquitous resource's performance has led researchers to focus on refining mix design practices and strategically employing admixtures in concrete formulations. This paper delves into the intricacies of modern concrete mix design, with a specific emphasis on evaluating various admixture types available today--including superplasticizers, air-entraining agents, retarding agents, and accelerators. We begin by providing a historical perspective on the evolution of concrete technology, highlighting how advancements in admixture chemistry have revolutionized material performance parameters over time. This backdrop sets the stage for our investigation into contemporary mix design practices where judicious selection of both base materials and strategic additions like admixtures plays a pivotal role in achieving desired outcomes such as workability at placement, strength development post-curing, resistance to environmental degradation factors (e.g., freeze-thaw cycles), and cost efficiency considerations. To elucidate our research objectives clearly, we outline specific questions pertaining to the identification of suitable admixtures based on project requirements--ranging from enhancing workability for complex architectural elements versus prioritizing durability in aggressive environments such as marine or chloride-rich conditions. Our methodology involves a thorough experimental approach wherein different admixture types are tested under controlled laboratory settings against predefined criteria set by design objectives, including both fresh and hardened state properties of the concrete mixes thus generated. Key findings from our study suggest that judicious application of selected admixtures can significantly enhance material performance parameters--demonstrating significant potential for cost-effective solution formulations tailored to specific project needs rather than relying on one-size-fits-all approaches common in traditional mix design practices. Ultimately, this research provides valuable insights into the practical applications and benefits associated with strategic use of admixtures within concrete mix designs globally, thereby contributing towards more informed decision-making processes for engineers involved in material selection and project management within the construction industry.

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Concrete mix design, Admixture chemistry, Superplasticizers, Air entraining agents, Retarding agents, Accelerators, Material optimization

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This paper presents the design and implementation of a drone-based system intended for real-time event monitoring, management, and audio surveillance. The system integrates a Pixhawk 6C flight controller, a Wi-Fi camera, and a wireless speaker to deliver aerial video surveillance and real-time public audio announcements. Operated via Mission Planner software, the drone supports manual, semi-autonomous, and autonomous modes of flight. The results demonstrate significant improvements in event safety, communication efficiency, and surveillance effectiveness. The project was successfully executed and completed, showing potential for deployment in academic, public, and emergency response scenarios.

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Drone, Pixhawk, Surveillance, Audio Broadcasting, Mission Planner, Event Monitoring, Autonomous System

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Unrequited love has long been a subject of profound exploration in literature, with poets Rabindranath Tagore and Rainer Maria Rilke offering distinctive yet complementary perspectives on the emotional and spiritual dimensions of this theme. This article delves into the treatment of unrequited love in the poetry of both Tagore and Rilke, highlighting how each poet explores the emotional and spiritual growth that arises from longing. Tagore approaches unrequited love as a path to divine grace, emphasizing love's transformative power in uniting the soul with the infinite. His works suggest that even unfulfilled desire can be an expression of spiritual devotion and a means of transcending worldly attachments. In contrast, Rilke's treatment of unrequited love reflects his existential philosophy, where longing and solitude serve as catalysts for self-realization and artistic expression. For Rilke, emotional pain becomes a tool for inner growth, enabling the individual to engage more deeply with life and art. Through a comparative analysis, this article highlights the cultural and philosophical differences between the Indian spiritual tradition of Tagore and the Western existentialism of Rilke. Ultimately, both poets affirm that unrequited love, rather than diminishing the self, leads to profound emotional and spiritual evolution. By examining their works, modern readers are offered insights into reframing their own experiences of longing and emotional solitude as opportunities for personal and creative growth.

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Unrequited love, Rabindranath Tagore, Rainer Maria Rilke, spiritual grace, existential solitude, self-realization, comparative literature, longing.

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Abstract--The industrial revolution and technological advancement started in the 18th century have a lot to boast for its success in many aspects of human life like reduction in infant mortality rate, human life expectancy, education, health, global food production etc. But the development and gains have many flip sides also. It is not sustainable in long run. It is undermining the ability of the environment and ecosystem, disturbing the fine balance of nature on the planet which is threatening the lives of many species on earth. The main cause of Environmental problems is excessive emission of Green House Gases (GHG) like CO2, NO2, SO2, CO etc. due to the burning of fossil fuels to meet the energy demand of human beings and reduction in forest cover. The sustainability debate started in the 1960s with the beginning of a modern environmental movement. Urbanization which is a hallmark of Industrialization creates a huge demand for modern building construction material as modern building construction techniques use processed building materials like cement, steel, tiles, aluminium, glass, and bricks etc. which are produced in the construction industry. As per estimate building and construction together consumes around 36% of global final energy. The building sector is growing at a very high rate and it is estimated that over the next 40 years, the world is expected to build 230 billion m2 in new construction. (UN, Global status report 2017) adding to the existing 235 billion m2 in 2016. This growth will push energy demand to a very high level from the construction sector itself, globally. The building and construction industry accounts for about 40% of energy rated CO2 emissions. The experts and policymakers started a debate on how to reduce the energy demand and how to reduce the adverse impact of the built environment without compromising its functionality. The experts started a discussion on methods and means of construction to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts on the environment and make the building sector more sustainable. This gave birth to the "Green Building Concept". The built environment should be planned, designed and constructed in such a way that its adverse impact and influence on natural eco-cycles are minimal.

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Eco-friendly, Green Building, Industrial revolution, Eco-Cycle

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The ability of computer vision technology to recognize objects and impediments, especially in inclement weather, is essential for improving Autonomous Vehicles' (AVs') environmental perception in intelligent transportation systems. Object-detecting systems, which are crucial to modern safety protocols, monitoring infrastructure, and intelligent transportation, face significant challenges under adverse weather conditions. AVs rely mostly on image processing algorithms for guidance and decision-making, which make use of a variety of onboard visual sensors. Even in bad weather, it is crucial to make sure that important components like cars, pedestrians, and road lanes are consistently identified. In addition to offering a thorough analysis of the literature on Object Detection (OD) in inclement weather, this paper explores the constantly changing field of AV architecture, the difficulties faced by automated vehicles in inclement weather, the fundamentals of OD, and the landscape of conventional and deep learning (DL) approaches for OD within the context of AVs. These methods are crucial for improving AVs' ability to identify and react to items in their environment. By successfully connecting these approaches with the developing area of AVs, this study explores earlier studies that used both standard and DL methodologies for the detection of cars, pedestrians, and road lanes. Additionally, this study provides a thorough examination of the datasets frequently used in AV research, emphasizing the identification of critical components in many environmental situations before summarizing the evaluation matrix. We anticipate that this review will aid researchers in better understanding this field of study.

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Intelligent transportation system; autonomous vehicles; object detection; deep learning; Traditional approaches

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Chicken feathers, a significant waste product of the poultry industry, are increasingly recognized as a sustainable source of keratin, a protein with high tensile strength and biodegradability. Traditional keratin extraction methods, relying on harsh chemicals, pose environmental concerns. This abstract explores recent advancements in green extraction technologies, including enzymatic treatments and deep eutectic solvents, which offer reduced environmental impact while preserving keratin's functional properties. Extracted keratin exhibits versatility across biomedicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and materials science. In biomedicine, its biocompatibility makes it suitable for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Cosmetics utilize keratin's conditioning abilities, while agriculture benefits from its use in slow-release fertilizers. Material science explores its potential in bioplastics and environmental remediation. This review examines the efficiency, scalability, and environmental costs of green extraction technologies compared to traditional methods. It also explores innovative applications of feather-based keratin and identifies commercialization successes and ongoing challenges. By promoting sustainable waste-to-resource strategies, this study aims to contribute to circular bioeconomy models, minimizing environmental contamination and generating value-added products from poultry waste.

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 Keywords

Chicken feather, keratin, green extraction technologies, circular bioeconomy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The increasingly dynamic cyber security threat landscape requires more, smarter processing of large volumes of digital data. Traditional, sequential analysis methods simply can't offer real-time answers to modern security's demands. In response to this, this study introduces a secure, parallelized paradigm of data analysis tailored for use in cybersecurity. The system manages master operations--such as sorting of files, extracting metadata, scanning for malicious content, and wise file analysis with the aid of large language models (LLMs). Driven by a particularly crafted parallel computation environment, it handles bulk files efficiently, enhancing threat detection at speed, streamlining resource consumption, and making more stable threat intelligence. Our results show significant increases in processing speed, earlier threat detection, and increased preparedness for cyber forensics, which means that this framework is a valuable tool for incident response teams and digital investigators.

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Cybersecurity, Parallel Computing, Data Segregation, Metadata Extraction, Threat Detection, Large Language Models (LLM), Digital Forensics

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Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a traditional medicinal fruit with significant gastrointestinal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. This study focuses on the formulation of an instant health drink powder comprising bael fruit powder, dextrose, ascorbic acid, citric acid, magnesium carbonate, flavoring agents, and preservatives. Aegle marmelos (L belonging to family Rutaceae is one of the most useful medicinal plants of India. Various parts of Bel like leaves, roots, stems, fruit, and bark are composed of different phytochemicals like alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. The product is designed for easy reconstitution in water and enhanced with functional ingredients to improve taste, stability, and health benefits. The final formulation provides nutritional support, hydration, and antioxidant activity, suitable for all age groups.

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Bael powder, nutraceutical, instant drink, pharmacological activity, formulation.

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Stress is a universal element and individuals in every walk of life have to face it. The employees working in different organizations have to deal with stress. Especially Bankers are under a great deal of stress due to many antecedents of stress. At this juncture, an attempt is being made to analyze the stress level of bank employees. So, this study intended to identify the causes of stress among bank employees and to study how these factors effect on employee health.

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Stress, Occupational stress, Banking Industry

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition