Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Abstract The Upper Beas Basin of Kullu valley has experienced a rapid growth in number of visitors in the past few decades, i.e., from a mere 10,000 visitors in the 1960's (Singh, T.V 1989) to more than 28 lakh in2022. (HPTDC 2022). This has resulted in an uncontrolled and unplanned growth of tourism related infrastructure, crowding, congestion and pollution. All this is having a deep impact on the regions environment, economy and society, raising questions of long term sustainability of tourism in the region. As such, the paper tries to assess the impacts of tourism especially on the social and cultural aspect of the region. Socio-Cultural impact assessment is crucial for tourism sustainability because it helps identify and mitigate potential negative effects on local communities, cultures and traditions. By understanding these impacts tourism development can be managed in a way that benefits both visitors and the host communities, ensuring long-term sustainability and harmony between tourism and local cultures. The study clearly demonstrates positive and negative impacts on the socio-cultural aspects of the Upper Beas Basin. Among the negative impacts one sees changes in the occupation, social values, family structure etc. There is a weakening of community bonds, degeneration of social value systems, commercialization of culture, increase in crime and moral laxity. The positive impacts on the other hand were preservation and revival of certain culture and traditions, spread of new ideas (cultural exchange), increasing awareness of the significance of education and a desire to improve their living standards.

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 Keywords

Upper Beas Basin (UBB), Tourism, Sustainable tourism, Mountain, Socio-cultural impacts,

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To improve the seamless smart grid integration of renewable energy sources (RES), this research explores the concept of resilient control. The advantages of RES for the economy and environment have made their integration into power grids a top priority, but RES's intermittent nature presents significant challenges to grid flexibility, stability, and reliability. To reduce the uncertainties and disturbances related to RES, the paper examines efficient applications of sophisticated control strategies, such as adaptive control, robust control, and model predictive control. It also examines the importance of communication networks, demand-side management, and cyber-physical security in enhancing the resilience and functionality of smart grids. The challenges of incorporating renewable energy, including energy storage devices, grid interoperability, and legislative barriers, are also covered in detail. This paper provides recommendations for building resilient smart grids that can accommodate large rates of RES penetration while preserving stability and operational security. Initiatives to fill existing research gaps and policy recommendations are also made, emphasizing the value of backup plans and standardized procedures for grid dependability.

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 Keywords

Smart Grids, Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Resilient Control, Grid Stability, Grid Reliability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Mineral exploration in India continues to face the dual challenge of balancing economic urgency with the complexity of its vast and geologically diverse terrain. This study introduces a spatial predictive modeling framework using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify high-potential mineral prospecting zones across selected regions in India. By integrating multi-layered spatial datasets--ranging from lithological, structural, and topographical variables to satellite-derived remote sensing indices--and employing a Random Forest classification model, the research develops a high-resolution mineral potential map calibrated against known mineral occurrences. The results reveal statistically significant spatial patterns, highlighting the predictive value of factors such as proximity to fault lines, lithological transitions, and elevation gradients. This approach not only reduces exploratory costs and environmental disruption but also provides a replicable model for mineral intelligence in resource-rich but data-fragmented environments. Ultimately, the study supports a paradigm shift toward data-driven, precision exploration strategies within India's mineral governance landscape.

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 Keywords

Geographic Information Systems (GIS); Mineral Prospectivity Mapping; Spatial Predictive Modeling; Remote Sensing; Random Forest Classification; India; Mineral Exploration; Geospatial Data Analysis; Lithology; Fault Proximity

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The National Educational Policy (NEP) of 2020 is the first of its kind to focus on the holistic development of an individual along with vocational education which marks a changing point in the Indian education system. This paper studied the awareness levels of students pursuing post graduate courses in the arts and the science disciplines about NEP 2020, and tries to analyze what factors shape their awareness. A structured questionnaire was designed to capture the various dimensions of the respondents' awareness which included general awareness, equity, inclusion, research, innovation, technology integration. Out of the 200 students sampled from HNB Garhwal University, a quantitative approach was taken to analyze their level of awareness towards NEP 2020 policies. The results differ for students that take postgraduate courses as they seem to be aware and accepting of these curriculum changes, but have not openly expressed concern of alignment of the educational policy with their academic objectives. This study focused on Indian education framework aims to understand how NEP 2020 will impact the existing structure and provide recommendations on how to optimize policy frameworks to better respond to the students' realities and demands.

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 Keywords

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, awareness, post graduate students, higher education, Indian education system.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into cybersecurity has significantly converted how associations approach trouble discovery and forestallment. Traditional styles frequently fall suddenly when dealing with sophisticated, fleetly evolving cyber pitfalls. This paper introduces a new prophetic modelling approach that leverages AI ways to descry and alleviate implicit pitfalls in real time, offering a more dynamic and intelligent result to ultramodern network security challenges. The proposed system utilizes machine literacy algorithms to dissect vast volumes of network business data, relating patterns that signify vicious conditioning similar as intrusions, malware propagation, and anomalies. By employing supervised literacy ways and continuously streamlining its models with new data, the system can directly read vulnerabilities and descry pitfalls before they escalate into full- scale attacks. This visionary approach enables briskly responses and further informed decision- timber. Through the emulsion of prophetic analytics and artificial intelligence, this exploration aims to establish a scalable, adaptive, and robust cybersecurity frame. The system not only enhances real- time trouble discovery but also contributes to long- term network adaptability by minimizing homemade intervention and optimizing resource application. Eventually, this work paves the way for the wide relinquishment of intelligent trouble discovery systems in both public and private sectors, icing stronger digital security in an decreasingly connected world.

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 Keywords

Predictive modelling, Network security, Artificial intelligence, Threat detection, Cybersecurity, Machine learning, Anomaly detection, Predictive analytics, Network traffic analysis, Cyber threats.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically reshaped the educational landscape, bringing to the forefront the critical role of school teachers in ensuring the continuity of learning during an unprecedented global crisis. This article investigates the diverse contributions of educators during this challenging period, focusing on their adaptation to online teaching, provision of emotional support for students, and increased involvement in engaging with parents. It highlights how teachers swiftly embraced digital tools, despite limited experience, to facilitate remote learning. However, the pandemic also exposed significant challenges, including technological barriers, increased workloads, and mental health concerns among educators. These obstacles had a profound impact on teachers' well-being and their ability to maintain student engagement and academic performance. To address these challenges, the article offers policy recommendations for enhancing online education, emphasizing the need for improved internet connectivity, the provision of affordable devices, interactive learning platforms, and targeted training for both teachers and students. Regular assessments, support for mental health, and increased parental involvement were also critical components of the proposed policies. Data were collected from 20 school teachers through focus group discussions, which provided valuable insights into their personal experiences and challenges during the pandemic. By implementing these teacher-centered policies, the article argues that online education could be made more inclusive, sustainable, and effective. These strategies not only aimed to improve educational outcomes but also acknowledged the unique challenges faced by educators, ensuring a more resilient and equitable education system as schools transitioned into a post-pandemic future. Understanding and supporting teachers' experiences was crucial for fostering an education system that thrived amidst ongoing and future crises.

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 Keywords

COVID-19 pandemic, School teachers, online education, Educational resilience

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A customer's preference of a brand and loyalty to it is linked to the trust, satisfaction, awareness and the image that is associated with the brand. The research aims to explore the dynamics of brand loyalty within the green cosmetics sector, particularly among young consumers who are increasingly inclined towards sustainable products. This study highlights the importance of understanding various factors that influence brand loyalty and preference in this burgeoning industry. The findings of the research is brand image, brand satisfaction, brand trust and brand awareness. The study concludes that while brand image and satisfaction and awareness are vital for creating a preference for green brands, trust and awareness are pivotal for fostering loyalty. Brands in the green cosmetic industry should therefore focus on building trust and increasing consumer awareness to nurture long-term loyalty.

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 Keywords

Green Cosmetics, Brand Loyalty, Brand Image, Brand Satisfaction, Brand Trust, Brand Awareness, Young Consumers, Trustworthiness, Transparency.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In this project, we design an Automatic Foldable Chair which automatically unfolds when one comes close and folds when no one is around. The Arduino Uno acts as a central controller, and an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) is used to sense the presence of a person in a certain range. It uses a Servo motor(SG-90 or alike) to active the mechanical movement of folding and unfolding the chair. Combining automation and practicality in a single solution such as homes, office & public space. While the project does indeed involve some more complex components, such as programming codes and training the Arduino to respond to specific stimuli, it also illustrates the potential for more simple sensory input responses in everyday domestic furniture. With these key features, the Automatic Adjustable Chair not only provides enhanced user interaction and usability but also saves space, making it a perfect fit in most places.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Readers have regarded Ralph Waldo Emerson's poem "The Sphinx" as an obscure and enigmatic poem since its publication in The Dial in January 1841. To the critic Francis Bowen, the poem "could be read backwards quite as intelligibly as forwards" (The North American Review 407) and Hyatt H. Waggoner has called the poem "bafflingly paradoxical" (118).There has been little consensus among the critics about the poem's meaning and its interpretation. "Who or What is the Sphinx? What riddle does the Sphinx pose? Does the poet succeed or fail in his reply to the Sphinx? Does the Sphinx accept or reject the poet's response?"( Reece 12). Thoreau suggested that the Sphinx was "man's insatiable and questioning spirit" (The Journal of Henry D. Thoreau 229) while Thomas R. Whitaker held it as "one"(184). George Woodberry identifies the Sphinx as "Nature" (171) while Charles Malloy as "the intellect"(275) .

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 Keywords

Sphinx, riddle, clue, puzzle

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This project presents the development of an AI-powered Pronunciation Enhancement Application designed to help users, particularly Indian English speakers, improve their spoken English through real-time feedback and personalized insights. This project uses an Indian-English fine-tuned Wav2Vec2 for live speech recognition , performs phoneme-level correctness , word level correctness also the system identifies pronunciation errors and highlights areas for improvement by providing insights . The application is built using a Flask backend and a React.js frontend, ensuring a responsive and interactive user experience. Key features include real-time transcription, audio comparison with ideal pronunciations using ElevenLabs TTS, multilingual support, and dynamically adjusted practice difficulty. The backend also delivers detailed performance metrics and session insights, which are visually interpreted on the client side. By integrating advanced AI models with intuitive web technologies, this system offers an engaging and accessible tool for users seeking to refine their pronunciation skills. The project was successfully tested meeting its core aspects , which is to be a enhanced web application for pronunciation improvement for non-native speakers.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pronunciation Enhancement, Wav2Vec2, Phoneme Analysis, ElevenLabs TTS, Flask, React.js.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition