Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Women entrepreneurs have been making a significant impact in all segments of the economy like retail trade, restaurants, hotels, education. Women are active participants in the small and micro enterprises (SME) sector throughout the world, especially those running informal enterprises. Women sector occupies nearly 45% of the Indian population. However, research has shown that women entrepreneurs face particular socio-cultural, educational and technical constraints to starting, and growing their own enterprises (International Labour Organization, 2003:1). All business owners face certain challenges, but women, because of their gender, often have additional challenges and obstacles that their male peers are less likely to encounter. Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society. In addition women entrepreneurs have a number of opportunities which they are not fully taking advantage of such as women associations, conferences and international markets. The purpose of this study is to analyse the Strengths, weakness, Opportunities and Threats faced by the Women Entrepreneurs.

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 Keywords

Women entrepreneurs, Role of women entrepreneurs, Functions and Strength.

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 Abstract

Some Of The P3 Colorable Gra

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Some Of The P3 Colorable Gra

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In modern communication systems, ensuring data security during transmission is a fundamental requirement. This project introduces a wireless data messaging system using RF (Radio Frequency) technology integrated with encryption and decryption mechanisms for secure communication. Aimed particularly at rural and remote areas, the system employs Zigbee-like RF modules for two-way communication between devices. Central to the system is a PIC microcontroller that processes and transmits messages entered via a PL2303 USB-TTL interface on a laptop. The received messages are decrypted and displayed on an LCD, with additional alert functionality provided by a buzzer. The project demonstrates practical implementation of secure RF communication using embedded C programming, and incorporates components such as regulated power supplies, crystal oscillators, and LED indicators. This system has applications in emergency services, public safety announcements, and other critical communication needs

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 Keywords

RF Module, CP Module, Encryption, Decryption, PIC Microcontroller

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Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, first India's Prime Minister, called public sector units (PSU) as 'the temples of modern India'. Public Sector Enterprises play a crucial role in development of the nation's economy and many of these enterprises have taken the initiatives of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices which have met with varying needs of the society. The present study has made an attempt to diagnose the CSR practice in PSU of Maharatnas through the fund allocated and utilized before and after the companies act 2013. The study found that Maharatna enterprises have not been able to fully spend their CSR budget, the utilized amount is only 50% from their allocated amount. Finally this paper concluded that Maharatna enterprises are not taking much CSR initiatives as they don't see any support from the governments. Some kind of financial incentives should be given to PSUs so that they can feel motivated and undertake more and more CSR activities.

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 Keywords

CSR, Funds, PSU and Maharatna Enterprises

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The present study examines and analyses the problem of food insecurity in Odisha during COVID-19. Odisha is one of the classical cases among Indian states, where the per capita net availability of food grains has remained at a higher level than that of all India for most of the years during 1961 to 2018. But, still there is highest percentage of Poverty, Malnutrition, Infant mortality and higher food deprivation in the state. These problems are most worsted during COVID-19 lockdown. Emerging as a public health crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic has ensured several negative effects, which have directly and indirectly threatened the food and nutrition security of vulnerable populations across the country, including Odisha. Hence, impact of COVID-19 on food insecurity (an already existing problem), it seems to be relevant to look in to the same problem. The present study is based on secondary data. We examine the impact of COVID-19 on the two pillars of Food Security (i.e., availability and accessibility) by taking GSVA data for all sectors of Odisha and India for the year 2012-13 to 2020-21 from DE & S Odisha and data on Per Capita Income and employment placement, inflation and employment generated under MGNREGA for the year 2011-12 to 2020-21 from DE & S Odisha, Directorate of Employment, GoI, Panchayati Raj & Drinking water Department, Govt of Odisha, and Economic Survey 2021 respectively. We also analyses the Public Distribution System (PDS) functioning of at micro level with respects to achieve the objectives food security (i.e., consumption) and economic distribution during COVID-19 by taking data from different published journals. As the PDS is one of the popularist welfare public policy adopted by the government of India since 1950. The impact of floods and cyclones on food insecurity are also discussed by taking data from Directorate of Agriculture and food Production for the last 10 years. The study found that COVID-19 has had an effect on the ability of vulnerable households to access enough quality food for their families. Lack of income, job losses and inflation are the main obstacle to access enough food during COVID-19lockdown. Simultaneously, disruptions in supply of food system, irregular of the Public Distribution System and Mid-day meals also affected the food security. The study suggests that, to increase the quantity of providing food and cash assistance to the vulnerable while exploring creative longer-term solutions, including strategies to reach the most vulnerable more efficiently and effectively.

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 Keywords

Food Insecurity, Public Distribution System and COVID-19.

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The study centers on the performance of the State Bank of India (SBI) on its financial performance relative to the most significant parameters of profitability, liquidity, and the solvency ratio. From the information presented through annual reports and financial statements, the study analyzes the performance of SBI on values of ratios such as Current Ratio (CR), Quick Ratio (QR), Non-Performing Assets (NPA), and Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR). The outcome is an indication of the well-being and development of SBI and ongoing issues with non-performing assets. The report suggests towards greater financial efficiency as well as performance.

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Public Sector Banks, Profitability Analysis, Ratio Analysis .

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The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into library systems has revolutionized the management and dissemination of information, marking a significant shift from traditional manual operations to automated, digital processes. Library automation, driven by ICT tools such as Integrated Library Management Systems (ILMS), online catalogs, RFID, and digital databases, has transformed how libraries organize, store, and provide access to resources. This paper explores the role of ICT in enhancing the efficiency, accessibility, and user engagement in modern libraries. It also highlights the benefits, such as improved service delivery and cost-effectiveness, alongside challenges including financial constraints, technological dependencies, and the digital divide. Ultimately, the integration of ICT and automation not only streamlines library operations but also redefines the library's role in a rapidly evolving digital information landscape.

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Library Automation; Digital Libraries; RFID Technology; Information Access; Resource Management; User Engagement; Digital Transformation

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Distress migrants are moving towards nearby developed cities or town with the hope of getting better opportunities which can uplift their living standard. But, fact of the matter is that distress migration associated with number of drudgery and exploitations. There are number of schemes and policies taken up by government to check the distress type of migration but still distress migration is a perennial issue in the KBK region of Odisha. The present study tried to put light on importance of qualitative factor such as emotion while taking decision of migration. The study was based on primary data and the data are collected by using self-structured questionnaire. To measure Emotional Intelligence of distress migrants a standardised scale was adopted. Collected data are analysed by using descriptive statistics such as percentage and to understand the impact of emotional intelligence in the decision making capability of migrants, F-test has been used. The study find out that most of the migrants have higher emotional attachment with their family members but still they move out by leaving their family. Therefore, emotional characteristics of migrants do not put strong influence on their decision making because for them economic attraction is greater than family emotions.

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 Keywords

Distress Migration, Push and Pull factors, Emotional Intelligence, qualitative factor, Exploitation

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This document is a model and instructions for LATEX. Online voting is an emerging trend that offers significant advantages, such as reducing organizational costs, increasing voter turnout, and eliminating the need for physical polling stations. However, traditional digital voting systems face criti- cal challenges, including security vulnerabilities, lack of trans- parency, and susceptibility to manipulation. To address these concerns, blockchain technology presents a decentralized, secure, and transparent solution for electronic voting. This study explores blockchain-based voting systems, high- lighting their potential to enhance legitimacy, accuracy, safety, and convenience in elections. Blockchain's end-to-end verifica- tion, distributed architecture, and cryptographic security make it a strong alternative to traditional voting methods. The proposed system integrates a scalable blockchain framework with flexible consensus algorithms to ensure secure and efficient transactions. The Chain Security Algorithm enhances vote integrity, while smart contracts facilitate secure user interactions. Additionally, cryptographic hashing. Despite its advantages, blockchain voting faces challenges such as privacy protection and transaction speed, which must be optimized for large-scale adoption. This research presents a performance evaluation of the proposed system, demonstrating its feasibility for large-scale elections. By leveraging blockchain, this approach aims to restore trust in electoral processes, ensuring fairness, transparency, and the protection of democratic rights.

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 Keywords

Blockchain Voting, Electronic Voting, E-Voting System, Secure Voting, Smart Contracts, Cryptographic Hashing, Consensus Algorithms, Election Security, Decentralized Systems, Voter Privacy, Digital Democracy, End-to-End Verification, Blockchain Scalability, Chain Security Algorithm, Transparent Elections

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This study examines the relationship between life happiness and the maximisation tendency--a decision-making style that aims for the greatest possible outcome--across three generations with different economic behaviours: Millennials, Generation Z, and Baby Boomers. To determine the direction and intensity of this association, we perform independent regression analyses for each cohort using the Maximisation Inventory (MI) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). The research shows that there are considerable generational differences in the relationship between life happiness and maximisation, which has ramifications for financial decision-making. Although SWLS explains little of the variance in MI, baby boomers show a modest to moderate positive connection, indicating that better life satisfaction is weakly connected with larger maximisation inclinations in their economic choices (e.g., investing, purchasing). A similar but less noticeable trend is indicated by Generation Z's weak positive correlation. Interestingly, there is no discernible association among Millennials, indicating that variables other than general life satisfaction influence their maximisation behaviours. These generational disparities have consequences for targeted economic policy and marketing efforts geared at these cohorts, and they emphasise the significance of taking subjective well-being into account when predicting economic conduct.

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 Keywords

Satisfaction with Life, Maximization Inventory, Happiness, Subjective Well-being.

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