Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 marked a turning point for local self- governance in India, particularly for women. Karnataka was one of the first states to implement the Panchayati Raj system even before the 73rd amendment through the Karnataka Zilla Parishads, Taluk Panchayat Samithis, Mandal Panchayats and Nyaya Panchayats Act, 1983.

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"Women's Empowerment through Panchayati Raj in Karnataka

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Abstract 'Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)' is considered to be one of the most significant public health problems, not only in adolescent girls and pregnant women living in low- and middle-income countries. While nutritional factors remain the dominant cause, genetic variations in iron metabolism can modify individual susceptibility and influence treatment response. This study investigated the prevalence and clinical impact of HFE (C282Y, H63D) and TFR2 gene polymorphisms in adolescent girls and expecting mothers from Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 520 participants (260 adolescent girls (between the ages of 10 and 18 years) and 260 expecting mothers (first or second trimester or less than 24 weeks during gestation) were assessed for 'hematological indices, serum ferritin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TS%)'. Genotyping was conducted using PCR-RFLP. The HFE C282Y variant was rare, but H63D heterozygosity was frequent and significantly associated with reduced ferritin and TS%, higher TIBC, and increased IDA risk. TFR2 variants showed limited direct association with IDA but may contribute through gene-gene interactions. These findings suggest that HFE H63D polymorphisms may exacerbate iron deficiency risk in high-demand physiological states, warranting genetic screening in anaemia control programs.

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Keywords: HFE, TFR2, iron deficiency anaemia, gene polymorphism, iron homeostasis

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Amish Tripathi is one of the most significant contemporary Indian writers who grabbed the attention of modern readers through his mythological fiction. In the Shiva Trilogy, one of his major works, he blends Hindu mythology with philosophy, realism and moral integrity drawing the narration close to the twenty-first century readers. In this series, Tripathi reinterprets the characters of Shiva and Sati not as omnipotent deities but as mere human beings who through their choice of actions, intellectual inquiry, and ethical awareness attain the status of divinity. Moreover, he signifies the importance of equality, self awareness and moral responsibility of every man to address the existing complexities of modern society through his own choice of actions. This paper examines how Tripathi's reinterpretation of Shiva and Sati characters is elevated from mere humanity to divinity, merging mythical narrative with modern rationality.

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Mythology, realism, moral integrity

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Abstract Chronic mechanical neck pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder that adversely affects daily activities, occupational performance, and quality of life. It is frequently associated with myofascial trigger points, muscle tightness, reduced cervical range of motion, and functional disability. Among the various physiotherapy interventions used for its management, Myokinetic Stretching Technique (MST) and Integrated Neuromuscular Inhibition Technique (INIT) are commonly employed manual therapy approaches. However, limited evidence is available regarding their comparative effectiveness in individuals with chronic mechanical neck pain. The present study aimed to compare the effects of MST and INIT on pain, cervical range of motion, and disability in subjects with chronic mechanical neck pain. A total of 76 subjects were included and allocated into two groups of 38 each. Group A received MST along with conventional exercises, whereas Group B received INIT along with conventional exercises. Both groups were treated three times per week for two weeks. Outcome measures included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Active Cervical Range of Motion (ACROM). The findings demonstrated significant improvement within both groups in pain, disability, and cervical range of motion. Between-group analysis revealed significant differences in disability and cervical range of motion in favor of the INIT group, while pain reduction was not significantly different between groups. The study concludes that both MST and INIT are effective in the management of chronic mechanical neck pain; however, INIT appears to be more effective in improving disability and cervical mobility.

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Keywords: Chronic mechanical neck pain, Myokinetic Stretching Technique, Integrated Neuromuscular Inhibition Technique, pain, disability, cervical range of motion, physiotherapy.

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The current study, "Economic Self-Reliance of Married and Unmarried Muslim Women." is based on 600 Muslim women (300) married and 300 unmarried from the Udaipur division, collecting data through a survey method and a self-developed economic self-reliance scale. This research analyzes Muslim women's economic activities, decision-making and resource utilization in the context of their work in the unorganized sector, lack of education, limited resources, barriers access to capital and employment, and social restrictions. According to the finding, married women contribute more to family expenses participate more in investment and financial decision and have control over their income and resources while unmarried women are more active and confident in digital payments use of financial services knowledge of government schemes sill utilization and community economic activities. Thus, married and unmarried Muslim women have different characteristics and contributions across various dimensions of economic self-reliance.

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Muslim Women, Economic Self Reliance

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Heavy vehicles such as trucks, buses, and commercial transport carriers operate under high load conditions and require a dependable braking system to ensure road safety and vehicle stability. Due to the large mass and continuous operation of these vehicles, the braking mechanism must generate sufficient stopping force while maintaining consistent performance over long distances. Pneumatic air braking systems have become the preferred choice in heavy vehicles because of their ability to produce high braking force and incorporate safety-oriented features. However, conventional braking methods such as hydraulic systems face limitations when applied to heavy-duty vehicles, particularly in terms of pressure capacity, heat resistance, and fail-safe reliability. These limitations highlight the need for a more robust and secure braking mechanism capable of handling high operational stresses. The objective of this study is to examine the design, working principle, and performance characteristics of a pneumatic air braking system used in heavy vehicles. The research focuses on understanding how compressed air is generated, stored, regulated, and converted into mechanical braking force at the wheel assembly. The methodology includes a detailed analysis of major components such as the air compressor, reservoir tank, control valves, brake chamber, and actuating mechanism. The system operation is studied by evaluating pressure distribution, response time, and braking force transmission under varying load conditions. Functional analysis is used to assess system reliability and safety during normal and emergency braking situations. The findings indicate that pneumatic air braking systems provide effective force amplification, quick response, and improved operational safety compared to traditional braking systems in heavy vehicles. The built-in fail-safe features further enhance reliability during pressure loss conditions. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that pneumatic air braking systems are highly suitable for heavy-duty transportation applications and play a vital role in ensuring vehicle safety and performance efficiency.

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Pneumatic braking system, heavy vehicles, compressed air, brake chamber, braking force, pressure analysis

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Fluorobenzoylthioacetone, Overall Stability Constant, Potentiometric Titration, Standard change in Enthalpy.

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The persistent disparity in economic opportunity and social protection between rural and urban India poses a major obstacle to inclusive national growth. This paper examines the critical role of micro insurance--products with low premiums, flexible payments, and simple procedures designed for low-income individuals --as a vital tool for bridging this gap. Micro insurance directly tackles the core vulnerabilities that sustain the rural-urban divide. For low-income populations, who are predominantly rural, it functions as a crucial financial safety net. By providing pay-outs for shocks such as illness, crop failure or livestock hazard, it prevents households from selling productive assets like land or livestock and reduces reliance on costly informal loans. This asset protection encourages investment in higher-yield activities and alleviates financial hardship by reducing Out-of-Pocket (OOP) expenditure, particularly in health. Furthermore, micro insurance fosters inclusive growth by promoting economic and psychological security and, when linked with microfinance, helps keep the poor out of the poverty trap. Despite its potential, micro insurance penetration in the huge rural market remains "very low". Key barriers include: Demand-Side Barriers: Low awareness, misconceptions, a lack of simple and affordable products, and eroded trust due to complicated claim settlement processes. Supply-Side Barriers: The absence of reliable distribution channels, high transaction costs, and a lack of data for creating viable business models outside of large government schemes. To maximize its impact, the paper recommends a shift to innovative, tailored approaches, including: Product Innovation: Developing simple, multi-risk products and simplifying product guidelines. Leveraging Community Models: Utilizing the member-owned Mutual Model and strengthening partnerships with trusted grassroots organizations like NGOs, SHGs, and MFIs. Digital Platforms: Using mobile applications and innovative I.T. solutions to improve distribution, operations, and servicing, especially in remote areas. Sustained Education: Increasing household awareness in local languages and incorporating insurance education into the school curriculum. In conclusion, micro insurance is an indispensable tool for achieving financial resilience and greater social security, helping individuals transition from a state of latent vulnerability to one of stability. A successful, sustainable model requires a blend of regulatory simplification, technological innovation, and socially-rooted distribution to fully realize the vision of truly inclusive national development.

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 Keywords

Micro-Insurance, Financial Inclusion, Financial Resilience, Poverty Alleviation, Social Protection, Inclusive growth, Risk Mitigation, Micro finance Institution (MFI), Self Help group (SHG), IRDA Regulation, Digital Platform, Asset Protection, Mutual Model

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The rich and varied histories of Indian architecture constitute an important part of the subcontinent's collective cultural memory, and have provided artists with extensive options for how to depict these structures through art. Temples (often referred to as "ancient temples"), forts (especially during the middle ages), and Mughal and Colonial structures are all examples of architectural styles developed throughout India's long history. Each of these architectural styles features distinct elements that represent not only diverse cultural practices and beliefs, but also the creative ability of artists to combine their talents to produce exquisite architectural structures. While many of these same architectural structures were represented through traditional forms of art during earlier periods, new technologies (particularly digital technologies), changes to the way artists interpret their art, and shifts towards an increasingly global visual culture have changed how these architectural structures will be perceived through art. This review will examine the evolution of the techniques and styles used to illustrate historical Indian architecture, beginning with the more traditional forms of artistic expression and building toward those that are contemporary. The review will also include discussions on how various regional artistic styles, the use of symbolism, the types of materials used, the design composition, and the application of colour theory, among others, contribute to how artistic representations are produced of various forms of architectural structures within the three major categories; Historical Indian Architecture, Contemporary Indian Architecture, and Digital Humanities. Finally, the review will highlight the challenges and opportunities presented by the evolving nature of the visual representation of Indian Architecture and how this area will continue to change with respect to advances in digital humanities, cultural sustainability, and globalisation and the associated growth of the international art market.

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Indian architecture; architectural illustration; miniature painting; cultural heritage; visual representation; digital heritage.

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Preparing question papers manually takes a lot of time and effort. Teachers need to maintain proper marks distribution, question variety, and topic coverage. In many cases, the same content is formatted again and again to create different test papers. This process is repetitive and sometimes inconsistent. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of an intelligent web-based quiz and exam paper generator. The system accepts input in different formats such as PDF, Word, PowerPoint, image files, and plain text. The uploaded content is converted into clean text and processed using natural language processing techniques to identify important topics. Based on the extracted content, the system generates multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and long answer questions following a fixed 100 marks structure. The system is developed using React for the frontend and Flask for the backend. Named Entity Recognition is used to detect key concepts from the text. The generated paper also includes answer keys and proper formatting. Experimental testing shows that the system reduces manual effort and generates structured question papers within a few seconds. The system can be useful for teachers and students in academic environments.

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Automated Exam Paper Generation, Natural Language Processing, Automatic Question Generation, Educational Technology, Named Entity Recognition, Web-Based Quiz System, AI-Based Assessment.

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