Volume 13 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Study of molecular biology of fishes sheds light on the mechanisms guiding evolution and forming the diversity of fishes on Earth. It contributes to the understanding of the genetic foundations of evolutionary change, the creation of new species, and the adaptation to diverse environments. Studying mitochondrial genes of an organism using codon usage bias (CUB) is important because it helps reveal the patterns of evolution in the context of molecular biology. In this study on the MT-CYB gene of Balitoridae family, we described the codon usage patterns and the variables that influenced it. According to correspondence analysis (COA), axis-1 reflected 43.05% of the codon usage variation, whereas axis-2 occupied 16.70% of the total variation. GC content in three codon positions of CYB gene was found in the order GC1>GC3>GC2. With a ratio of 0.0768/0.9232=0.08, the neutrality plot demonstrated that both the evolutionary forces (mutation and natural selection) had an effect on the MT-CYB gene. Natural selection was shown to be the most important factor, while compositional constraints and mutation pressure were also significant in influencing the pattern of codon usage. Thirteen codons were found to be over-represented, whereas twenty-four codons were found to be under-represented as revealed by the RSCU values of the codons in mitochondrial cytochrome B gene of Balitoridae. Analysis of codon usage patterns increased our comprehension of the mechanisms driving the codon distribution and the evolutionary significance of the MT-CYB gene.

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 Keywords

Codon usage bias; MT-CYB gene; Balitoridae family; natural selection; mutational pressure

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 Abstract

Bhartiya Niji Suraksha Udhyog: Alochanatmak Samiksha

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Bhartiya Niji Suraksha Udhyog: Alochanatmak Samiksha

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Millets, recognized as superfoods, possess high nutritional value compared to other cereals. Finger millet, also known as ragi in India, is extensively cultivated, particularly in South India, serving as a staple food for many rural populations. Ragi is rich in nutrients and offers advantages as an endurance crop due to its numerous essential amino acids. Its high dietary nutritional content provides various health benefits, including reducing blood glucose levels, aiding in celiac disease management, reducing anemia, and exhibiting anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant properties. Despite its potential, ragi's diverse culinary applications are often overlooked due to insufficient awareness. This review focuses on ragi's health benefits, nutritional value, traditional uses, and methods for value addition, promoting its incorporation into modern diets and culinary practices.

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Finger millet, Ragi, antioxidant, nutrients, health benefits, traditional uses, value addition.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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With its unique design, the Eye Tracking System promises to transform human-computer interaction through hands-free control and user-friendly interfaces. The Eye Tracking System, created by a committed group of engineers and academics, uses eye tracking hardware and sophisticated gaze recognition algorithms to precisely record and analyze users' eye movements in real-time. Improving accessibility and usability in a variety of contexts, such as gaming, assistive technology, and human-computer interaction, is the major goal of the Eye Tracking System. The technology eliminates the need for conventional input devices by accurately monitoring users' gaze, allowing for smooth navigation, interaction, and control of digital interfaces.

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 Keywords

Eye Tracking System , Human computer interacction

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This numerical analysis has been performed to compare the effectiveness of the unique leading edge wing shape tube cross section with i. a circular and ii. a trailing edge wing shape tube with equivalent hydraulic diameter and has been tested in similar hydrodynamic and thermal boundary conditions. The 3D models geometry using finite volume discretization, tested and evaluated for 3500>= Re >=19,000. Later, it is identified, the leading edge wing shape tube cross section results in to enhanced heat transfer rate, enhanced Nusselt number Nu, and concomitant decreased Euler number Eu.

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Fluid flow over non-circular tube, simulation of pressure drop and simulation of heat transfer rate, leading edge wing shape tube.

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This Article Delves Into The Profound Impact Of Information Technology On The Globalization Of Knowledge And Its Pivotal Role In Connecting Decision-Makers And Information Seekers Worldwide. It Highlights The Significance Of The Internet As A Trans-formative Tool For Development, Encompassing A Wide Array Of Internet Services And Access Technologies. As We Navigate An Era Defined By The Exponential Growth Of Information In Diverse Formats, Technological Advancements Have Revolutionized The Speed And Efficiency Of Information Dissemination. Libraries, As Custodians Of Knowledge, Have Been Compelled To Transition From Traditional Methods To Modern, Technology-Driven Operational Practices. This Article Explores The Evolution Of Library Services In The Digital Age, Emphasizing The Integration Of Cutting-Edge Technologies Such As Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence, And Digital Communication Systems.

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Internet Services, Information Technology, Cloud Computing, Digital Communication, Remote Access, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data Analytics, Library Automation, Digital Repositories, Open Access.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cyber risks have increased due to the exponential development in internet usage, especially through malicious URLs. Blacklisting is an example of a traditional security mechanism that is unable to keep up with changing threats. Through the analysis of many aspects, including lexical, host-based, and content-based characteristics, this study investigates a machine learning-based method for identifying malicious URLs. The study assesses various machine learning models to improve detection accuracy, such as support vector machines, decision trees, and deep learning approaches. When compared to traditional methods, the results show that machine learning techniques greatly increase the efficiency and accuracy of harmful URL identification.

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Malicious URLs, Cyber threats, Machine learning, Detection accuracy, Blacklisting, Lexical characteristics, Host-based attributes, Content-based features, Decision trees, Support vector machines (SVM), Deep learning techniques, Security measures.

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Antibiotic synergy is one of three possible responses that can occur when two or more antibiotics are used together to treat an infection. In a synergistic response, the antibiotics work collaboratively, leading to an overall effect that is significantly more potent than what each antibiotic could achieve individually. This enhanced effectiveness makes synergistic combinations particularly valuable in treating infections, especially in cases where bacteria exhibit resistance to one or more of the antibiotics. In contrast, there is the additive effect. When antibiotics have an additive response, their combined effectiveness is approximately equal to the sum of their individual effects. In this scenario, the antibiotics do not enhance each other's potency; instead, they simply contribute their effects together. The integration of plant extracts or pure natural compounds with conventional antibiotics offers a promising strategy for developing effective and affordable treatment options. This approach is particularly relevant in light of the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance. Several combination antibiotic therapies are already in clinical use, showcasing their potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy and broaden the spectrum of activity against resistant pathogens. This study reviews recent literature on these combinational therapies, highlighting their advantages, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. By examining successful case studies and ongoing research, this review aims to shed light on the synergies between natural and conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, it seeks to inform and guide future investigations in this area, emphasizing the need for continued exploration of novel combinations that could lead to improved treatment outcomes for various infections. Ultimately, this research could contribute significantly to the fight against antibiotic resistance and the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.

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 Keywords

Synergy, Antibiotics, Additive response, Potency, Therapeutic efficacy, Plant extracts

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Indian automobile industry plays a vital role in economic growth, with Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra being dominant players. This study presents a comparative financial analysis, focusing on profitability, liquidity, and trend analysis to assess their financial performance. Using key financial ratios such as net profit margin, return on assets, inventory turnover, current ratio, and debt-equity ratio, the study evaluates the companies' earning capacity, short-term solvency, and financial stability. Trend analysis further examines their growth patterns and market adaptability over time. Additionally, the study incorporates automobile industry ratios and share performance to understand investor confidence and market positioning. The study incorporates automobile industry ratios and share performance to understand company postions , growth of company, and market positioning. This study is based on past financial data, and future performance may change due to market conditions and economic factors.

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Financial Analysis, Profitability, Liquidity, Trend Analysis, Automobile Industry Ratios, Share Performance, Market Growth, Maruti Suzuki, Mahindra

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This study deals with the rise of self-flying agricultural drones has transformed precision farming, making it more efficient and environmentally friendly. This study introduces a smart pesticide-spraying drone designed from scratch, blending artificial intelligence, GPS, IoT, and ArduPilot navigation to deliver chemicals exactly where they're needed. The drone handles everything on its own--flying, charting out farmland, and fine-tuning spray patterns to cut down on pesticide waste and keep people out of harm's way. It comes with an easy-to-use interface, so even folks with little tech know-how can run it without a hitch. The setup includes a Pixhawk PX4 2.4.8 flight controller, brushless motors, a LiPo battery, and a top-notch spraying system, all working together to tackle real farm challenges reliably. Field tests showed it sprays more accurately, slashes costs, and boosts crop health. This solution offers a practical, expandable way to bring automation into farming, paving the way for greener, more sustainable practices.

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 Keywords

Autonomous Drone, Precision Agriculture, Pesticide Spraying, IoT-Based Farming

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition