Volume 13 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

The Bodh Gaya Temple Act of 1949, enacted by the Bihar government, established the Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee (BTMC) to oversee the administration of the Mahabodhi Temple complex in Bodh Gaya, a site of immense significance as the place where Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment. The Act stipulates that the BTMC comprises eight members: four Buddhists and four Hindus, with the Gaya District Magistrate serving as the ex-officio chairperson. Notably, if the District Magistrate is not a Hindu, the government is mandated to appoint a Hindu as the chairperson. Over the years, this composition has been a focal point of contention. Buddhist communities and organizations have argued that the Act's provisions disproportionately favor non-Buddhists, thereby undermining the autonomy of Buddhists in managing one of their most sacred sites. They assert that the equal representation of Hindus and Buddhists, coupled with the stipulation regarding the chairperson's religious affiliation, does not reflect the temple's intrinsic Buddhist heritage. This sentiment has led to calls for either amending or repealing the Act to ensure that Buddhists have predominant control over the temple's administration. In response to these concerns, the Bihar government introduced the Bodh Gaya Temple (Amendment) Bill in 2013. This amendment allowed for a non-Hindu District Magistrate to serve as the chairperson of the BTMC, thereby removing the previous requirement that mandated a Hindu chairperson in such scenarios. The government's rationale was rooted in upholding the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Chief Minister Nitish Kumar emphasized that the District Magistrate, as a government representative, embodies the state's secular credentials. Despite this amendment, many Buddhist leaders and organizations remain dissatisfied. They argue that the core issue--the equal representation of Hindus and Buddhists on the BTMC--persists, and that Buddhists should have a majority stake in the management of their sacred site. For instance, in November 2024, the Federation of Barua Buddhist Welfare Association of Assam organized a general meeting to demand the repeal of the BTMC Act. They contended that the Act, in its current form, does not adequately represent the interests of the Buddhist community and called for the temple's management to be entrusted solely to Buddhists. Similarly, the All India Buddhist Forum (AIBF) submitted a memorandum in June 2023, urging the repeal of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act of 1949. They highlighted that the Act's provisions violate the rights and dignity of millions of Buddhists worldwide by denying them rightful autonomy over the management and preservation of their religious heritage. The AIBF pointed out that, under the Act, the BTMC consists of nine members, only four of whom are Buddhists, with the remaining members, including the District Magistrate as chairperson, being non-Buddhists. This structure, they argue, creates an imbalanced power dynamic that risks subordinating the interests and spiritual values of the Buddhist community. In conclusion, while the Bodh Gaya Temple Act of 1949 was initially instituted to oversee the administration of the Mahabodhi Temple complex, its provisions have been a source of ongoing debate and dissatisfaction among Buddhist communities. Despite amendments aimed at addressing some concerns, calls for repealing or further amending the Act continue, with advocates seeking greater autonomy and representation for Buddhists in managing their sacred heritag

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o Bodh Gaya Temple Act 1949 o Mahabodhi Temple o Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee (BTMC) o Buddhist autonomy o District Magistrate o Secularism o Bihar government o Religious representation o Buddhist community o Hindu-Buddhist relations o BTMC Act amendment o All India Buddhist Forum (AIBF) o Federation of Barua Buddhist Welfare Association of Assam o Temple management o Religious rights.

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Epidemiology is the scientific study and distribution of various determinants of health and various disease condition in a particular group of community of people. This epidemiology used to determine the health condition of particular community of people and so as to assess the health status of particular district. In Tamil Nadu there some specific diseases that are more prominent in particular community of people.Homoeopathy is the scientific system of medicine which deals how to cure a disease by means of medicine in minimum dosage. It is based upon drug proving on healthy individual of varying ages, both male & female. Homoeopathy is a German system and alternate form medicine to modern system of medicine . In aphorism 100 &101 deals with epidemiological disease. The application of epidemiology in homoeopathy will help us to understand the complete drug picture of disease and leads to choose the remedy homoeopathically in an ordered manner. Tamil Nadu is divided into various zones they are northeast, northwest, western, Cauvery delta zone, south zone. Salem district in Tamil Nadu which is more prevalent to lung disease and its epidemiological condition is are to be studied The major aim of this research is to enhance the application of homoeopathy in lung disease Salem dst.

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Epidemiology, homeopathic medicine, lung disease, Salem dist.

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The technique for anomaly detection in cloud-based networks is fundamental. Its usage is more specific to detecting intrusion and hardware failures, among other applications. The literature review has drawn 215 papers from the past decade focused on machine learning, deep learning, and statistical methods for anomaly detection in a cloud environment. Techniques of machine learning include three types: supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised learning for pattern identification; deep learning techniques include CNNs and RNNs, which are more accurate and efficient. Statistical methods are mathematical and probabilistic in nature and detect anomalies from the standard behavior. This review is based on important contributions, new research trends, and potential future directions for the improvement of the effectiveness and reliability of anomaly detection in cloud computing.

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Anomaly detection, Intrusion detection, cloud computing, Machine learning.

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The increasing complexity of electronic systems has amplified the importance of ensuring the reliability and functionality of integrated circuits (ICs), which form the foundation of modern digital devices. In many industrial and educational settings, ICs are still tested manually, a process that is time-consuming, error-prone, and inconsistent. These challenges often lead to faulty ICs being overlooked, which can result in critical system failures, increased maintenance costs, and compromised safety in electronic devices. To address these issues, there is a pressing need for an efficient, automated solution that eliminates the limitations of manual testing. Automated IC testers provide consistent, precise, and repeatable testing conditions, reducing the potential for human error and ensuring that only fully functional ICs are approved for use. Such a solution is essential for improving quality assurance practices and supporting applications like digital circuit design, distributed systems, and event-driven architectures. This research focuses on the development of an automated IC tester designed for basic logic gate ICs from the 74LSxx (TTL) and 40xx (CMOS) series. By employing a PIC microcontroller, the tester automates the evaluation of IC functionality and electrical performance, mitigating the risks of system-level failures. The project aligns with the need for accurate and efficient testing processes, contributing to advancements in digital system design and reliability.

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Automated IC testing, logic gates, quality assurance, PIC microcontroller, digital systems

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The present study is intended to examine the problems of adjustment among students studying in Degree colleges of Jammu city. Adjustment is the process of living itself or dynamic equilibrium of total personality. It is a long process in which an individual learns ways of behavior through which he enters a relationship of harmony with his environment. Adjustment affects the various aspects of a student's life. The present study was conducted to know the adjustment level among degree colleges students in relation to their five areas of adjustment i.e., home, health, social, emotional and educational. The investigator selected 200 students who are studying in various degree colleges of Jammu city. The tool used in the study was Adjustment Inventory for College students standardized by A.K.P Sinha and R.P. Singh (2012). The data thus obtained was analyzed by using appropriate statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviation and critical ratio. The result showed that there was significant difference in adjustment among boys and girls students studying in Degree colleges. Boys are more adjusted than girls in all five areas.

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Adjustment, home adjustment, health adjustment, social adjustment, emotional adjustment, educational adjustment, Gender

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Counting crowds is an important task in many regards, given the improvement of public safety, urban planning, and event management. Recent deep convolutional neural networks advancements greatly improve occlusion and view-point variation. This paper surveys the progression from the state-of-the-art methodologies, hybrid approaches focusing specifically on regression types for real-time applications, and indicates scaling frameworks with diverse datasets for future development.

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Crowd counting, Deep learning, CNNs, Density estimation, Hybrid approaches.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? '??????' ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (????????????? ??????????) ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???

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????? ????? - ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? - ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? - ???-??? ???????? - ???????????? ?? ?? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? - ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? - ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? - ????? ????? - ???

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Management of soil is very important either directly or indirectly for the production of crop and environmental sustainability. The management of soil has become increasingly very important in recent years due to an increase in demand for food production. Thus, managing soil nutrient management and conservation practice has come up with a lot of challenges. Literature suggests that crop diversification is a process that apes a complex relationship between soil and plant that help in monitoring the extreme beneficial crop designs. This study focused on the diversified crop models for discovering the appropriate soil management for good production of crops and different soil management and fertility have been explained. The study outcome will be useful for farmers on crop soil management toward sustainable agriculture in India.

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Soil, Management, Crop, Sustainable Agriculture, India

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Energy is one of the major issues that the world is facing. In India, the supply of energy has been one of the major problems for both urban and rural households. About 60% to 70% of the energy demand of the country is met by fuel wood and agriculture residues. Solar energy is a renewable source of energy, which has a great potential and it is radiated by the sun. Renewable energy is important to replace the using of electric energy generated by petroleum. Solar power has become a source of renewable energy and solar energy application should be enhanced. The solar PV modules are generally employed in dusty environments which are the case tropical countries like India. The dust gets accumulated on the front surface of the module and blocks the incident light from the sun. It reduces the power generation capacity of the module.

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Solar panel, Cleaning panel, Dust, Maintenance

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Over the past ten years, the fintech revolution has changed the financial landscape in India, giving millions of previously neglected people access to formal financial services. Focusing on three objectives, this study investigates how fintech has affected financial accessibility in India. analysing how literacy levels have affected the uptake of fintech, investigating how developments in fintech have increased access to formal financial services, and assessing how fintech has affected different demographic parameters like age, gender, and occupation. Financial inclusion has significantly improved with the rise of digital banking, mobile payments, and online financial tools, particularly for those with low and medium literacy levels. Through the use of percentage-based statistical techniques to analyse primary data, this study draws attention to both the advancements and ongoing difficulties in attaining universal financial access. It highlights the ways in which fintech has improved accessibility for a range of demographic groups while also highlighting the obstacles that still stand in the way of fair financial inclusion. The results highlight how fintech technologies can help close gaps and promote financial inclusion among India's diverse population.

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The Fintech innovations, Financial accessibility, Demographic analysis, Financial Inclusion, Risk management.

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