Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Introduction A descriptive study to assess the assertive behaviour and self esteem of staff nurses in selected hospital in the city and to develop and disseminate an informational booklet regarding assertive behaviour. Objectives: To assess the assertive behaviour of staff nurses; to assess the self esteem of staff nurses; to associate the assertive behaviour of staff nurses with selected demographic variables; to associate the self esteem of staff nurses with selected demographic variables; to correlate assertive behaviour and self esteem and to develop and disseminate an informational booklet regarding assertive behaviour. Method: A non-experimental descriptive design was used to assess knowledge of 100 staff nurses. The participants were selected by using a non probability convenient sampling technique. The structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of staff nurses. Results: It was found that most of the staff nurses 45(45%) were having assertive behaviour, 29(29%) of them were probably aggressive, 20(20%) were somewhat assertive behavior, 6(6%) were situationally non assertive, and none of the samples were very non assertive behavior. All of the staff nurses 100(100%) were having self esteem score "within normal range". It was also found that there was no significant association of assertive behavior with selected demographic variables, also there was no significant association of self esteem with selected demographic variables. Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the staff nurses 45(45%) were having assertive behaviour, 29(29%) of them were probably aggressive, 20(20%) were somewhat assertive behavior, 6(6%) were situationally non assertive, and none of the samples were very non assertive behavior. All of the staff nurses 100(100%) were having self esteem score "within normal range".

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Assertiveness, Self -esteem, Nurses

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The Indian automobile sector is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the country, playing a crucial role in economic growth, employment generation, and industrial development. This paper examines the performance of the Indian automobile industry with a focus on three key dimensions: production, domestic sales, and exports. It analyses recent trends across different vehicle segments, including passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, two-wheelers, and three-wheelers. The study highlights the impact of factors such as rising income levels, urbanization, government initiatives, technological advancements, and increasing global demand on the sector's growth. Furthermore, the paper discusses India's emergence as a global manufacturing and export hub for automobiles. The findings indicate that despite cyclical challenges, the Indian automobile sector continues to demonstrate strong growth potential, supported by a large domestic market and expanding export opportunities.

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Indian automobile sector; vehicle production; domestic sales; automobile exports; economic growth; manufacturing industry

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Depression is a common and serious mental health disorder that affects emotional well-being, physical health, and daily functioning. It is characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and cognitive and physical symptoms that interfere with normal life. Depression affects people of all ages and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. The condition arises from a complex interaction of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. If untreated, depression can result in severe complications, including chronic illness, functional disability, and suicide. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of depression, including its definition, prevalence, types, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features across different age groups, risk factors, complications, prevention strategies, and the role of the PHQ-9 scale in assessment and diagnosis.

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Depression, mental disorder, prevalence, pathophysiology, PHQ-9, risk factors

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In the context of eco-friendly products and green efforts, cause-related marketing (CRM) has become a key strategic instrument that connects consumer purchasing behaviour with business social responsibility. The current study aims to identify the awareness and attitude of youth towards green consumables, along with identifying the most preferred causes, taking into consideration, while making such a choice. The results show that customers have a comparatively high awareness of eco-friendly items and a strong preference for companies that actively promote environmental reasons. Particularly among Gen Z and teenagers, consumers exhibit increased awareness of environmental issues and favourable attitudes toward cause-related marketing campaigns. This group exhibits a greater inclination for goods that support social issues, sustainability, and environmental preservation, suggesting that cause-related weighting is a significant factor if its associates with child education and women's welfare, mostly in influencing their purchasing decisions.

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cause-related marketing, awareness, attitude, Gen Z, child education, women's welfare etc.

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This study investigates the status of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting practices among companies listed on the Nifty 50 index. As sustainability and responsible corporate behavior gain prominence globally, Indian companies are increasingly integrating ESG considerations into their business strategies and disclosure frameworks. The research aims to assess the extent of ESG reporting, evaluate adherence to global sustainability standards, and identify the challenges faced by Nifty 50 firms in achieving comprehensive and transparent disclosures. Using secondary data from company reports, sustainability disclosures, and regulatory filings, the study provides an analytical overview of emerging trends in ESG reporting. Findings highlight varying levels of ESG integration, with some firms adopting global frameworks such as GRI and BRSR, while others exhibit limited or inconsistent reporting practices. The study underscores the growing importance of ESG transparency in enhancing corporate reputation, investor confidence, and long-term value creation, offering insights for policymakers, regulators, and business leaders in strengthening India's sustainability landscape.

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ESG Reporting, Nifty 50 Companies, Corporate Governance, Responsible Business Practices, Sustainable Development.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing modern healthcare by enhancing disease diagnosis and supporting the advancement of personalized medicine. This review discusses the application of AI-based technologies, particularly machine learning and deep learning, in the analysis of complex medical data such as clinical records, medical imaging, and genomic information. These approaches improve diagnostic precision, facilitate early disease detection, and assist healthcare professionals in making timely and accurate clinical decisions. AI-driven techniques have demonstrated notable success in cancer diagnosis, especially in skin cancer, through automated image processing and pattern recognition methods. Furthermore, AI-enabled personalized medicine allows treatment strategies to be customized according to individual genetic profiles, biomarkers, lifestyle factors, and disease characteristics, thereby reducing unnecessary interventions and treatment-related adverse effects. Although challenges related to data quality, ethical concerns, and clinical implementation persist, ongoing research and technological progress are expected to overcome these limitations. Overall, AI has strong potential to reshape healthcare by enabling more accurate diagnosis and patient-specific therapeutic approaches.

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Artificial intelligence, Disease Diagnosis, Skin Cancer, Machine Learning, Deep learning, Personalized Medicine

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Background: Polyarthralgia in the context of febrile illnesses is frequently encountered in clinical practice and is prominent in post-infective states. Ayurveda describes Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), honored as "Am?ta," as a premier Ras?yana with Jvaraghna, Shothahara, and Ved?n?sth?pana actions. Classical attributes--Tikta-Ka??ya rasa, Laghu-Snigdha gu?a, U??a v?rya, and Madhura vip?ka--suggest a rationale for its use in fever-associated joint pain that often has an ?ma component. Objective: To clinically evaluate the utility of Guduchi administered as Sa??aman? Va?i in relieving polyarthralgia associated with febrile conditions, while grounding the rationale, posology, and assessments in Ayurvedic textual principles. Methods: A pragmatic case-series of five adult patients with fever and concomitant polyarthralgia received Sa??aman? Va?i (two tablets, three times daily) for five days with u??a jala as anup?na. Outcomes were tracked daily using patient-reported pain (0-10 VAS), morning stiffness minutes, painful joint count, fever log, and an ?yurvedic ?ma-Agni symptom scale. Dietary and behavioral pathy?-apathy? were counseled per classics. No modern journal data were used to frame the rationale; all interpretive frameworks reference classical Ayurveda. Results: All patients reported 75-80% improvement in global joint pain by day 5, with concordant reductions in stiffness, painful joint counts, and resolution of fever. Appetite, lightness, and sleep improved in parallel, suggesting favorable shifts in Agni and Do?a-?ma status. No adverse effects were recorded. Conclusion: Within the Ayurvedic paradigm, Guduchi--administered as Sa??aman? Va?i--appears to be a safe, fast-acting, and systemically supportive intervention for febrile polyarthralgia, likely via Deepana-P?cana, Jvaraghna, V?ta-Kapha ?amana, Shothahara, and Ras?yana effects. The present case-series, while limited in size and duration, aligns closely with classical descriptions and supports further controlled exploration.

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Guduchi; Tinospora cordifolia; Sa??aman? Va?i; Polyarthralgia; Jvara; ?ma; Ras?yana; Ved?n?sth?pana; Ayurveda

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Background: Kleda is the functional fluid component of the body responsible for maintaining Snigdhata, Mardavata, and Picchilata of tissues and for supporting normal Dhatu Poshana and Srotasa Pravahana. Its pathological state, Vikrita Kleda, leads to abnormal fluid accumulation and plays a central role in the Samprapti of Sotha, a Kleda-pradhana Vyadhi characterized by Utseda due to Tridosha Prakopa and Rasavaha Srotas Dushti. Despite its importance, Kleda has largely remained a conceptual entity with limited objective evaluation. Aim: To establish Sothagata Vikrita Kleda as an etiopathological entity and to study its correlation with laboratory parameters in Sotha. Materials and Methods: This observational study included 100 patients (20 each of Prameha, Sthoulya, Sotha, Kustha, and Vrana). Vikrita Kleda was assessed using classical Lakshanas along with laboratory investigations including inflammatory markers, renal function tests, metabolic parameters, and protein status. Results: Sotha patients showed the highest expression of Vikrita Kleda, with Utseda (100%), Anga Vivarnata (95%), Gaurava (90%), and Anavasthita Sotha and Ushma (85%). Laboratory findings revealed raised ESR (70%), CRP (60%), renal and metabolic derangements, hypoproteinemia (50%), and hypoalbuminemia (40%), indicating impaired Kleda Nishkramana and Dhatu Kshaya. Conclusion: The study provides objective evidence that Sothagata Vikrita Kleda is a measurable and clinically significant pathological state.

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Sotha, Sothagata Vikrita Kleda, Kleda, , ESR, CRP, Oedema

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A detailed and accurate evaluation of brain tumors from medical images is a requirement in modern medical care because early detection has a powerful impact on treatment outcomes. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is common for the investigation of brain disorders, but it is labour intensive and reliant on interpretive experience to read scans with expert observers. This paper develops NeuroAI, an automated system for detecting brain tumor anomalies that makes use of deep learning-based object detection to analyse MRI scans. The proposed model utilizes YOLOv8 to localize tumor sites and subcategorize tumor types such as meningioma, glioma, pituitary tumors and non-tumor cases. ARG, or Retrieval Augmented Generation, provides contextual medical explanations for the types of tumors that were observed and makes the system more readable. The model is trained and assessed using MRI scans from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). It also includes confidence levels and IoU values to balance the sensitivity and detection accuracy. Observations have shown that the system reliably detects and classifies brain tumors, which indicates that this system can function as a conduit for clinical decision-making and medical education.

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Brain Tumor Detection, MRI Analysis, YOLOv8, Deep Learning, Object Detection, Anomaly Detection, Medical Artificial Intelligence

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The arrival of Portuguese explorers in India in the late 15th century marked a turning point in the country's history, bringing with it not only a new chapter of trade and colonization but also profound religious changes. One of the most significant aspects of the Portuguese presence in India was the introduction of Christianity. The Portuguese were driven by a strong desire to spread Christianity to distant lands. The Catholic Church, closely intertwined with the Portuguese monarchy, provided both moral and financial support for their religious endeavors. This zeal to convert the indigenous population often clashed with the existing religious diversity in India. While religious motivations were central, economic interests and colonial ambitions played a significant role in the Portuguese presence in India. The establishment of trading posts and control over key ports gave them an economic advantage, but these ambitions frequently conflicted with the religious practices and beliefs of the local population. The clash between European Christianity and indigenous religious beliefs was inevitable. The Portuguese viewed the local practices as pagan and idolatrous, leading to misunderstandings and tensions. The rich tapestry of Indian spirituality, with its diverse pantheon of gods and rituals, contrasted sharply with the monotheistic tenets of Christianity. This article delves into the historical context, methods of propagation, impact on indigenous beliefs, cultural exchange, and the enduring legacy of Christianity's introduction by the Portuguese.

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Christianity, Religion, Europeans.

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