Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

: Investment decision-making has increasingly been recognized as a behavioral process influenced by psychological biases and financial knowledge. Traditional finance theories assume investor rationality; however, behavioral finance challenges this assumption by highlighting systematic cognitive and emotional biases that distort judgement. At the same time, financial literacy plays a critical role in enabling investors to understand financial products, assess risk, and make informed investment choices. This empirical-oriented review paper revisits and synthesizes existing literature on behavioral biases and financial literacy with reference to investment decision-making. Using a structured review methodology, the study develops a conceptual framework and proposes testable hypotheses for future empirical research. The findings suggest that behavioral biases significantly influence investment decisions, while financial literacy plays both a direct and moderating role in shaping investor behavior. The study contributes to behavioral finance literature by integrating psychological and knowledge-based perspectives and offers valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers.

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Behavioral Biases, Financial Literacy, Investment Decision, Investor Behavior, Behavioral Finance

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Background: In Ayurveda, sn?yu (sinews or ligaments) are described as fibrous structures responsible for binding and stabilizing joints, muscles, and bones. In modern anatomy, ligaments are dense connective tissue bands that connect bones and provide joint stability. Despite differences in conceptual frameworks, both systems emphasize the importance of these structures in maintaining musculoskeletal integrity. Objective: To comparatively analyze the Ayurvedic concept of sn?yu and modern anatomical ligaments with special reference to the knee joint. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts (Caraka Sa?hit?, Su?rutaSa?hit?, A????gaH?daya), standard modern anatomy textbooks, and peer-reviewed research articles published in the last ten years. Results:Sn?yu are described as binding structures derived from medasdh?tu and classified morphologically into four types. Modern ligaments are composed mainly of type I collagen fibers and are classified based on their anatomical relation to joints. Both structures share similar functions in joint stabilization, particularly in the knee joint. Conclusion: The Ayurvedic concept of sn?yu closely correlates with ligaments described in modern anatomy, especially regarding structure, function, and clinical relevance. An integrative understanding can enhance diagnosis and management of knee joint disorders.

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Sn?yu; Ligament; Knee Joint; Sandhi; Ayurveda; Anatomy

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Concrete remains the backbone of modern infrastructure, but conventional cement production is a notable contributor to global carbon emissions and energy consumption. As sustainable construction practices gain prominence, there is a pressing need to explore eco friendly alternatives that reduce cement dependency without compromising structural performance. This research investigates the feasibility of substituting a portion of cement with Light Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA), a thermally treated, lightweight, porous material known for its low density, good strength to weight ratio, and internal curing benefits due to its high water absorption capacity. Concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement by weight with LECA, maintaining workability and mix consistency. Standard specimens were cast and subjected to compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength tests at 7 and 28 days, following relevant Indian Standard testing procedures. Results demonstrate that partial cement replacement up to 20% yields mechanical properties comparable to conventional concrete, with acceptable reductions in strength and a notable decrease in concrete density. Although 30% replacement exhibited a more marked reduction in mechanical performance, all mixes met criteria suitable for specific structural and non structural applications. The findings suggest that LECA can serve as a viable sustainable material for partially replacing cement in concrete, optimizing both environmental impact and mechanical efficiency.

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Keywords: Light Expanded Clay Aggregate, Lightweight Concrete, Cement Replacement, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Sustainable Construction

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The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. We can correlate this disease to some extent with Pushpaghni described by Acharya Kashyapa. In this, Vritha Pushpam can be compare to irregular menstruation or anovulation, Sthula with feature of obesity, Lomasha Ganda with presence of hair on body (hirsutism) are found. Ayurveda is a wholesome life which not only works on disease but also focus in healthy life style. Ayurveda helps to remove the root cause of the disease. Acharya Kashyapa has vividly described the effect of Shatavari on pushpakara, Prajakara, Vrishya in the chapter Shatapushpa- Shatavari Kalapadhyaya. Shatavari is having properties like Rasayana, balya, medhya, nadibalayaka, garbhaposhaka, shoolahara, Pushpakar parjakar.

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PCOS, Shatavari, Shatavari Siddha Tail, Ayurveda, Acharya Kashyapa, Pushpaghni

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In the 21st century, the technological revolution has ushered in a new era not only in every sphere of life but also in the field of education. The rapidly evolving new relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and education has inspired influential policies and institutional changes. AI is having a rapidly growing impact on education. The integration of AI into the educational framework has marked a significant milestone in the history of educational revolution. AI is increasingly playing an important role in both teaching-learning systems and management practices. Using conceptual frameworks, content analysis, and qualitative and effective methods of literature review, this research paper critically evaluates the relevance of AI in the light of education. The main points of this study include the need for AI, its utility, opportunities, and the challenges associated with it. Philosophical perspectives and ethical considerations in the implementation of AI technology have also been discussed. The potential of AI in informing personalized learning, enhancing intelligent learning, and supporting data-driven decision-making has been critically examined. This research paper explores the transformative role of teachers amid the usefulness, expansion, and increasing centrality of AI, emphasizing the need to equip teachers with essential skills that promote critical thinking, creativity, and innovation. Through critical evaluation, it has been found that AI holds immense potential to create harmonious and customized learning experiences. At the same time, it brings a range of challenges and concerns such as the possibility of diminishing the human face of education, ethical issues, threats to data privacy, and algorithmic bias. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that stakeholders in the field of education should adopt a balanced approach toward the use of AI in learning and educational management. Within this approach, AI should be positioned as a supportive resource rather than as a primary source of information and knowledge. In this manner, AI acts as a complement to time-tested traditional values, enabling the holistic development of both education and learners. The challenges associated with AI can be resolved only when users and educational management employ its transformative capabilities with ethical considerations, a process that requires a long and sustained effort.

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Artificial Intelligence, Significance

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Large Language Model (LLM)-based chatbots such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot are rapidly being integrated into higher education and professional learning environments for tutoring, assessment support, and content generation. While these tools demonstrate strong potential to enhance personalized learning, scaffolding, and accessibility, concerns persist regarding overreliance, reduced cognitive engagement, and erosion of critical thinking skills. This study critically examines whether educational chatbots function primarily as cognitive supports or cognitive substitutes. Using a systematic review of global empirical studies, policy reports, and experimental findings, the paper analyzes learning outcomes, student behavior, and pedagogical integration strategies. Secondary data are synthesized through comparative tables highlighting learning gains, engagement metrics, and cognitive risks. Findings suggest that chatbots enhance conceptual understanding and feedback efficiency when used as metacognitive tools but may suppress higher-order thinking when used for answer generation and task completion. The study concludes that learning outcomes depend less on the technology itself and more on pedagogical design, assessment strategies, and institutional policy frameworks. The paper proposes instructional design principles and governance guidelines for responsible AI integration in higher education.

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LLM chatbots, higher education, critical thinking, AI in education, professional learning, generative AI.

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Abstract: In today's scenario we pay various taxes i.e. Direct and Indirect taxes, which are felt as burden on us and due to these taxes the corruption is increasing. So, to overcome from all these taxation system the Central Government has decided to make one tax system i.e. Goods and Services Tax (GST). GST is one of the most critical tax reforms in India which has been long awaiting decision. It is a comprehensive tax system that will subsume all indirect taxes of State and central Governments and whole economy into seamless nation in national market. It is expected to remove the burden of existing indirect tax system and play an important role in growth of India. GST includes all Indirect Taxes which will help in growth of economy and proves to be more beneficial than the existing tax system. GST will also help to accelerate the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. GST is now accepted all over the world and countries are using it for sales tax system. This paper will help to show that, what will be the impact of GST after its implementation, difference between present Indirect Taxes and GST and what will be the benefits and challenges of GST after implementation.

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Keywords: Central, State, Dual, GST, Indirect Tax, Direct Tax, GDP, Implementation.

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This systematic literature review explores how human-centered design principles are being incorporated into parametric design approaches within interior architecture. It addresses a key gap between optimizing for computational performance and prioritizing the well-being of building occupants. Current parametric design methods often emphasize technical metrics like energy efficiency, structural optimization, and cost savings, with secondary attention given to human comfort as a core design goal. By analyzing peer-reviewed literature published between 2017 and 2026, the review brings together insights from parametric design, occupant comfort, neuroarchitecture, biophilic design, and multi-objective optimization. The research highlights three main challenges: (1) a lack of methods for turning subjective human experiences into measurable design variables, (2) limited integration of tools that support full-spectrum comfort analysis, and (3) a disconnect between research on human factors and its application in computational design. While thermal and visual comfort are well-supported through existing simulation tools, areas like acoustic comfort and biophilic design need more research and methodological support. The findings show that using human-centered parametric methods can increase occupant satisfaction by 15-38%, while still achieving 85-95% of energy efficiency goals--debunking the idea that comfort and performance must be mutually exclusive. This review offers a detailed framework, complete with visual case studies, simulation visuals, and real-world project examples, to guide interior architects and computational designers in making occupant well-being a central design objective, pushing performance-driven architecture toward more human-centered outcomes.

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Parametric design, systematic literature review, human-centered design, occupant well-being, interior architecture, computational optimization, biophilic design, neuroarchitecture.

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Financial technology (fintech) has developed as a transformative force reforming financial access and behavior across the world. In India, where approximately 70% of the population are living in rural areas, fintech innovations are progressively critical in bridging gaps in financial inclusion and changing traditional investment patterns. This study explores the scope and level to which fintech has impacted access to financial services in rural India, evaluates shifts in investment behavior among rural households, and identifies key challenges and policy implications.

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Fintech Innovations

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After-school support programs (ASSPs)--including remedial tutoring, supervised study, mentoring, sports and arts clubs, and structured life-skills initiatives--are increasingly positioned as equity-oriented strategies to improve adolescent learning and holistic development. In India, where learning gaps and transition risks intensify during secondary schooling, ASSPs may offer additional instructional time, targeted remediation, psychosocial support, and safe spaces that strengthen academic outcomes and social development. This article synthesizes evidence from (i) global meta-analyses of after-school and social-emotional learning (SEL) programs and (ii) India-relevant secondary sources, and proposes a practical evaluation framework suited to Indian secondary schools. Evidence indicates that well-designed programs can improve grades and achievement while also strengthening social behaviours, school bonding, and related competencies when implementation quality is high and activities are sequenced, active, focused, and explicit (SAFE) [1][2]. India-based evidence from large-scale remedial and after-school life-skills initiatives suggests potential gains in learning and socio-emotional competencies, but highlights the need for stronger secondary-stage evaluations using transparent designs and comparable outcome measures [3][4]. The article provides tabular secondary evidence, outcome indicators aligned to Indian policy priorities, and guidance for school-level program evaluation in line with NEP 2020's emphasis on holistic development [5].

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After-school programs; secondary education; remedial tutoring; life skills; social-emotional learning; academic achievement; India; program evaluation.

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