Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

agriculturally dominated districts like Basti in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population in this district, making the study of land utilization and agricultural factors extremely important. The present study examines the existing land use pattern in District Basti and analyses the major physical, socio-economic, and institutional factors influencing agricultural activities and growth. The study highlights the distribution of land under various categories such as net sown area, fallow land, forest land, barren land, and land put to non-agricultural uses. It has been observed that a large proportion of land is devoted to agriculture however, increasing population pressure, fragmentation of landholdings, and expansion of non-agricultural activities have reduced the efficiency of land use. Fertile alluvial soil and favourable climatic conditions provide strong natural support for agriculture, yet agricultural productivity remains moderate due to limited irrigation facilities, dependence on monsoon rainfall, and traditional farming practices.

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Land Use Pattern, Agricultural Growth, Cropping Pattern, Irrigation

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Environmental awareness is a critical prerequisite for sustainable behaviour among adolescents. This paper examines the effectiveness of various school-based activities--such as Eco-Clubs, nature camps, and waste management audits--in enhancing secondary school students' environmental consciousness in Gujarat. Research indicates that while theoretical knowledge is prevalent, participatory activities significantly bridge the gap between awareness and action. The study suggests that institutionalised initiatives such as the Green Schools Programme and GEER Foundation camps are vital for fostering long-term pro-environmental habits. Environmental awareness is a critical prerequisite for sustainable behaviour among adolescents. This paper examines the effectiveness of various school-based activities--such as Eco-Clubs, nature camps, and waste management audits--in enhancing secondary school students' environmental consciousness in Gujarat. Research indicates that while theoretical knowledge is prevalent, participatory activities significantly bridge the gap between awareness and action. The study suggests that institutionalised initiatives like the Green Schools Programme and GEER Foundation camps are vital for fostering long-term pro-environmental habits.

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Environmental awareness, GEER foundation, Eco club, Guj cost

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Shalakyatantra is a branch of Ayurveda that deals with diseases of the organs located above the collarbone, such as the eyes, ears, nose, and throat. Since it focuses on the sense organs, it is considered a very important and specialized branch. Among the five sense organs, the eye is the most important. Therefore, special care should be taken to protect the eyes and treat eye diseases properly. Acharya Sushruta has described 76 types of eye diseases. These diseases are treated using both internal medicines and local therapies. One of the important local treatment methods is called Kriyakalpa. Acharyas have explained different therapeutic procedures using various medicines and methods of application, depending on the type of disease. As Kriyakalpa is a local treatment, the medicines act quickly and penetrate the eye tissues effectively, making it very useful in eye disorders. Bidalaka is one of the important Kriyakalpa procedures described in Ayurvedic texts. It is widely used in many eye diseases and gives very good results, especially in the early or acute stage of the disease. According to Charaka, Bidalaka is highly effective in treating acute eye conditions

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Bidalaka; Lepa; Eye Diseases; Ayurvedic Treatment.

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Urbanisation refers to the increasing concentration of population, economic activities, and infrastructure in urban areas. This study examines the major factors contributing to urbanisation in Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to analyse the dynamics of urban growth in the region. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews with local residents, while secondary data were sourced from government reports, census publications, books, and peer-reviewed journals. Due to the limited availability of prior research specific to Ziro Valley, greater reliance was placed on primary data. The study identifies population growth, infrastructure development, rural-urban migration, economic opportunities, and government policies as key drivers of urbanisation. The findings highlight the need for sustainable urban planning to ensure balanced development, efficient resource utilisation, environmental conservation, and an improved quality of life in ecologically sensitive regions such as Ziro Valley.

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Urbanisation, Factors, Hapoli, Migration, Population Growth, Globalisation, Sustainable Development

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Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the employment outcomes of the scholar graduates of Tarlac State University (TSU) from 2018-2022. It also offers a comprehensive analysis of the profiles, academic achievements, scholarship access, and board examination performance of the scholar graduates. These scholar graduates were recipients of several scholarship programs, the CHED-Tulong-Dunong Program being the most popular source of financial assistance. Of the 1,386 scholar graduates, 532 participated in the study by completing an online survey that was uploaded using Microsoft Forms. The highest number of scholar graduates came from the College of Education and the College of Business Accountancy. Out of the 347 scholar graduates who took the licensure examination, 303 passed the examination. Many of the respondents are currently employed, majority of them holding permanent positions. Other employment statuses include contractual employment, job orders, temporary employment, casual positions, and probationary roles. A small number of these scholar graduates are unemployed because of lack of work experience. The college competency that was deemed very necessary in their job was communication skills followed by critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In terms of the graduates' reasons for accepting and staying in the job, salaries and benefits are the most significant factors for them. To enhance the degree programs, it was recommended that TSU must align its curriculum with industry standards to make the students more prepared and equipped before venturing into the labor market. A stronger partnership with local and international companies must be given full attention to improve the students' practical and realistic skills and experience. While pointing out areas for enhancement in academic preparation, professional preparedness, and administrative procedures, respondents generally conveyed gratitude for the opportunities provided by the TSU scholarship program. TSU can use these insights to enhance its degree programs and research support systems in the future.

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Employment Outcomes, Scholar Graduates, Employability

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Film holds a central place in shaping cultural narratives because it is one of the most powerful mediums of mass communication. Ravana, the ten-headed king of Lanka from the Indian epic Ramayana, continues to be a dominant mythological figure whose representation in cinema often oscillates between cultural reverence and stereotypical villainy. While the epic offers a multidimensional view of Ravana as a learned scholar, skilled ruler, ardent devotee of Lord Shiva, and tragic hero cinematic portrayals have largely reduced him to a one-dimensional figure embodying arrogance, lust, and cruelty. The study highlights how mainstream cinema employs visual and narrative codes - such as exaggerated physical features, booming laughter, dark costumes, and larger-than-life presence to present Ravana as the ultimate adversary to Rama's virtue. It construct a moral binary of good versus evil, often privileging Rama's righteousness while flattening Ravana's complex character into a symbol of male dominance and moral corruption. The repetition of these stereotypes across decades cultivates a fixed, negative perception of Ravana that overshadows alternative readings of his character. Nevertheless, some regional and contemporary films attempt to subvert this narrative by reimagining Ravana as a misunderstood king or a tragic hero, opening critical space for more nuanced interpretations. By situating Ravana between myth and movie, this paper argues that film plays a decisive role in both preserving and distorting mythological identities. It demonstrates how cinematic portrayals not only reflect but also actively shape cultural memory, ensuring Ravana's enduring presence as a symbolic yet stereotyped figure within Indian imagination.

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Ravana, Ramayana, mythological cinema, Myth and Semiotics, Representation Theory, stereotypes, cultural memory, villain representation, Indian films, cinematic analysis

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) possess unique physicochemical and biological properties, making them applicable in medicine, environmental protection, and consumer products. However, conventional chemical synthesis involves toxic reagents and high-energy input, raising concerns regarding safety and sustainability. Green synthesis involving plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae is an environmentally friendly alternative that utilizes natural biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle size and morphology control. This review summarizes major biological approaches, influencing factors, and key characterization techniques for green-derived ZnO NPs. Their enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties support applications in pharmaceuticals, oral care.

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Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Green Synthesis, Biological sources, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Biocompatibility

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Adolescence vital period in life due to its significance in the area of developmental psychology. This is the period of heightened sensibility for rapid learning and of critical acquisitions which determine the general style of adult life. The scope of parenting influence on the adolescence will be wider. The parents attitude, have powerful influences upon adolescence. Parents' mental illness can impact on parenting capacity as well as parent-child relations. Parenting Behaviour is one of the mechanisms by which parental mental illness may translate into problematic outcomes in children. Schizophrenia Psychosis is a term used to cover a range of devastating severe mental illnesses where psychotic symptoms typically occur. Children of schizophrenic parents have a number of unique challenges to overcome, it impact on a person's ability to carry out normal daily activities. The study examine the influence of parenting behavior on academic Performance among adolescents of parents with schizophrenia. 400 adolescent students were the sample. schizophrenia characteristics inventory, parent-child relationship questionnaire and behaviour disorder schedule were employed. The study reveals a low-level parenting behaviour among the adolescents of schizophrenic parents, Parenting Behaivour related to academic achievement, and significantly differ with respect to Educational Qualification of parents, Socio Economic Status, and Parents Employment. Significant difference in academic achievement is seen with respect to Gender, Educational Qualification, Socio Economic status, and Parents Employment. There is a significant relationship between total and different dimensions of Parenting Behaivour and Academic Achievement and the joint and individual contribution of the dimensions of parenting behaviour is significant in predicting Academic Achievement.. A healthy and nourishing parent child relationship is an indication of advancement. So innovative programs are improvised and incorporated along with the present educational system Parent Training (Parent-Effectiveness Training), Family therapy, The social skill training:, Confidence building and Balanced emotional attachment with parents: The academic achievement of adolescents having parents with schizophrenia should be improved. The positively motivating Parent child relationship contributes children's success in the academic tasks and something beyond.

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Parenting Behavior, Academic Performance, Adolescents, Parents and Schizophrenia

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Myths have historically functioned as cultural narratives that legitimize social order and moral values. In the Indian context, epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have provided enduring archetypes that continue to shape contemporary discourse. This paper examines how Indian cinema reframes myth as political allegory to interrogate issues of caste and class, focusing on Mani Ratnam's Thalapathi (1991) and Raavan (2010), and Pa. Ranjith's Kaala (2018). Drawing on Roland Barthes' theory of myth as ideological signification and Dalit studies on counter-myths, the analysis highlights how these films subvert traditional narratives by elevating marginalized figures such as Karna and Ravana into heroes of resistance. Through visual symbolism, characterisation, and narrative inversion, the films destabilize hegemonic interpretations of "good" and "evil," foregrounding caste-based exclusion, land struggles, and state violence. By reading these cinematic texts as modern allegories, the study argues that Indian cinema does not simply retell mythology but actively reinterprets it as a tool for social critique. In doing so, it transforms myth from a static cultural repository into a dynamic medium of resistance, allowing suppressed voices to contest dominant ideologies. The paper positions cinema as a contemporary myth-making practice that reimagines epics in the service of social justice.

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Myth; Political Allegory; Indian Cinema; Caste; Class; Subaltern Studies; Counter-Myths

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Women, often regarded as the primary caretakers within families and communities, remain at the frontline of both ecological and societal crises. As nurturers, workers, and nation-builders, their roles are deeply intertwined with the sustainability of everyday life. Yet, throughout history, women have been subjected to media portrayals that undermine their agency and reduce their identities to narrowly defined stereotypes. Among these, advertising stands out as a powerful cultural force that commodities the female body, transforming it into a commercial object and positioning women predominantly as symbols of glamour, desire, and consumption. This paper explores how modern advertising constructs women within consumer culture, examining the dual impact of such portrayals. On one hand, advertisements elevate women as aspirational figures, central to lifestyle branding and the promotion of consumer ideals. On the other, they simultaneously perpetuate reductive stereotypes that objectify women and disconnect them from their real-world roles as decision-makers, nurturers, and ecological stewards. By adopting an eco-feminist lens, the study critically investigates the intersection of gender, ecology, and media representation. Advertising not only reshapes cultural perceptions of femininity but also normalizes unsustainable patterns of consumption. It highlights the broader implications for social values, consumer behaviour, and environmental consciousness in a globalized context. Ultimately, the paper argues that challenging the stereotypes of women in advertising is not only a gendered concern but also a pressing ecological necessity, with significant consequences for achieving sustainable futures.

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Eco-feminism, Gender representation, Advertising stereotypes, Objectification of women, Consumer culture, Environmental consciousness

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