Volume 13 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

The Automobile Sector is a significant contributor of India's GDP and employment generation. Despite of various challenges such as soaring crude oil prices, shortage of semi conductor chip and supply chain disruptions, the Indian Automobile Market is currently the fourth-largest auto market globally and on its track to secure the 3rd position by 2026, signaling a promising future. The government is also highly supportive in terms of progressive policies and regulations. Today, India is considered as one of the key part of global strategy by global vehicle manufacturers and component suppliers. Even though India's Automobile Sector is immensely potential and growing at a rapid speed, it has to be mindful of challenges that are posed by the recent developments in the global market and adapt to the changing environment. This study provides insight on the recent trends that are shaping the global market and the challenges faced by the Indian automobile sector. The study also attempts to outline the key drivers that boost the growth and the opportunities that could exist for the major players of Indian Automobile Industry in future.

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 Keywords

GDP, Global Market, Automobile Sector, Employment

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Major General Alexander Cunningham, a British Army officer and pioneering archaeologist, is often regarded as the father of Indian archaeology for his monumental contributions in the 19th century. Cunningham's work fundamentally reshaped the understanding of India's ancient history, especially with his exploration and documentation of key archaeological sites associated with early Buddhism, Indianism, the Mauryan and Gupta periods. His contributions to Indian archaeology began in earnest with his appointment as the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1861, where he laid the groundwork for systematic archaeological excavations across the subcontinent. One of Cunningham's most significant achievements was his identification and documentation of the ancient city of Taxila, a key center for Buddhism and early Indian civilization. His exploration of the ancient sites of Sarnath and Bodh Gaya, along with the discovery of inscriptions and monuments related to King Asoka, cemented his position as a trailblazer in the field. Cunningham's meticulous work on the Asokan Edicts, which he interpreted as crucial evidence of the Emperor's role in the spread of Buddhism, further deepened the understanding of India's ancient political and cultural evolution. Furthermore, Cunningham's contributions extended to the exploration of ancient Buddhist sites, including the identification of Tathagat Buddha's stupas and relics, shedding light on the historical and cultural relevance of the Buddha's life and teachings. His excavations and studies of the Gupta period's architectural marvels, including the temples at Deogarh, also revealed the rich heritage of India during a time of immense artistic and intellectual achievements. Despite facing challenges in the colonial context, Cunningham's work has left an indelible mark on the understanding of India's past, revealing hidden histories and connecting archaeological evidence to the cultural fabric of ancient India. His efforts have provided invaluable insights into the long-standing relationship between archaeology and the documentation of history, unearthing concealed evidence that continues to influence the study of Indian antiquities today.

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 Keywords

Alexander Cunningham, Indian archaeology, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Taxila, Sarnath, Bodh Gaya, Asoka,, Asokan Edicts, Tathagat Buddha, Gupta period, Indian history, Buddhist archaeology, Mauryan Empire, Ancient India, Ancient monuments, Inscriptions, Indian civilization, Deogarh temples, Excavations, Colonial archaeology.

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Cosmetics are products used to care for the skin or enhance a person's appearance. They have been used for at least 7,000 years and are found in almost every society around the world. The beauty industry has had a strong influence on our perceptions. India has become a rapidly growing market for cosmetics, with the industry earning over 350 billion rupees in 2009, even during a global economic downturn. Products like sunscreens, creams, and soaps are commonly used. While cosmetics are seen as beneficial by many, they can also have risks and harmful effects. New trends in cosmetics include in silico modeling (computer simulations), Circular Economy (sustainable practices), and products that react to biological changes. Hypoallergenic cosmetics are designed to cause fewer allergic reactions than regular products. The global cosmetic industry is currently valued at approximately 20 billion dollars. As consumers, we are constantly drawn to beauty and personal care products. However, these products, which are meant to enhance our appearance and promote well- being, often have a hidden dark side. Many cosmetics contain toxic ingredients and harmful chemicals that exceed safe limits. These substances can cause severe skin issues and may even penetrate the skin, reaching internal organs and posing a risk of carcinogenic effects. Cosmetics have become deeply embedded not only in the fashion industry but also in daily life. Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness about the potential dangers of cosmetics and the hazardous chemicals they contain.

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Cosmetics ,Skin care ,Beauty industry, Market Growth, India, Benefits and risk, New trends.

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This paper aims at finding the Empowerment of Scheduled Tribe Women Degree Students. A simple random sample of 800 Tribal women Degree students in Guntur district was selected. Self-made tool consisting of 40 items was prepared by the investigator and standardized before using. Mean, SD and 't' values were calculated. The study revealed that there is no significant difference in the Empowerment of Tribal Women Degree Students w.r.t the variables - Locality, Type of College and Type of Management.

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 Keywords

Empowerment, Scheduled Tribe Women.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Defence Budget for the fiscal year 2024-2025 reflects India's strategic priorities in strengthening its military capabilities amid evolving geopolitical challenges. The total allocation of INR6.81 trillion marks a 9.5% increase from the previous year, highlighting the government's commitment to national security. However, a significant portion of this budget is directed toward revenue expenditure, specifically salaries and pensions, which constitute over 50% of the total allocation. This raises concerns about the availability of funds for critical modernization efforts, including procurement of advanced weaponry, indigenous defence production, and research and development (R&D) in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), cybersecurity, and space-based defence systems. This research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the 2024-2025 Defence Budget, examining the balance between capital and revenue expenditures. It explores the implications of these allocations on India's defence preparedness, operational efficiency, and long-term modernization goals. Comparisons with global defence spending patterns, particularly in China and the United States, offer insights into how India's expenditure aligns with international standards. The study also highlights key policy recommendations to optimize defence spending, such as enhancing private-sector participation in defence manufacturing under the "Atmanirbhar Bharat" initiative, restructuring manpower costs, and adopting cost-effective procurement strategies. By analyzing past trends, current allocations, and future projections, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how India's Defence Budget 2024-2025 will impact national security, economic sustainability, and technological advancements in the defence sector. The findings contribute to discussions on policy reforms and strategic investments needed to ensure India remains competitive in an increasingly complex global security environment.

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 Keywords

Defence Budget 2024-2025, Military Modernization, Revenue Expenditure, Capital Outlay, Indigenous Defence Production, Atmanirbhar Bharat, Artificial Intelligence in Defence, Cybersecurity, Geopolitical Challenges, Defence Policy, Strategic Investments, Manpower Costs, Procurement Strategies, Global Defence Spending, National Security.

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: A number of methods for altering faces in films have been effectively created and made publicly accessible in recent years (e.g., Face Swap, deepfake, etc.). Using these technologies, it is possible to facilitate face video modifications with inaccurate results. It is employable in almost all fields. However, the overemphasis of all technologies is fatal prone to have a certain effect in society which may be negative (e.g., fake news, and cyberbullying revenge porn). It is therefore important to be able to tell whether a person's face in a video has been modified, subjectively. To be able to address the problem of deepfake videos, we focus on the problem of face alteration detection in video sequences. In particular, we focus on the ensembles of several Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models that have been developed.The proposed methodology attains these objectives through the use of attention layers and data training powerful models derived from a base network, EfficientNetB4. By using two publicly available datasets and combining over 119,000 videos, we show how to be able to address these bezier curves, Detecting face alteration is a crucial field of computer vision remains a challenging task in most scenarios, but we demonstrate that in our case, the combined networks approach highly improves the results.

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Deepfake, Video Forensics, Deep Learning, Attention.

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In this paper, we first introduce the concept of simplex,simplicial subdivision,Sperner lemma etc..Further we have shown that Kakutani theorem can be proved by using sperners lemma .Sperners lemma is also a powerful tool in proving Gale-nikaido-debreu lemma. Additionally,it is shown that Kakutani theorem is a corollary of Gale-nikaido-debreu lemma.

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Sperner lemma, Simplex, Triangulation, Fixed Point Theorem, Gale-Nikaido-Debreu Lemma

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Abstract Confessions play a pivotal role in criminal jurisprudence, serving as both an admission of guilt and a basis for exoneration. In India, the legal framework governing confessions is rooted in the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (previously the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023. The unique nature of mixed confessions statements containing both inculpatory and exculpatory elements poses significant adjudicatory challenges. Courts must determine the evidentiary value of such confessions while ensuring adherence to principles of justice and fair trial. This paper explores the judicial scrutiny of mixed confessions in India, analyzing landmark precedents and statutory provisions. It examines the admissibility and evidentiary weight of such confessions under Sections 22 to 24 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam. Special emphasis is placed on the principle that prosecution cannot selectively rely on inculpatory portions while disregarding exculpatory elements unless corroborated by independent evidence. Through a doctrinal approach, the paper critically evaluates key Supreme Court and High Court rulings, illustrating the evolving judicial trends on this issue. Furthermore, the paper delves into the impact of custodial confessions, the role of judicial magistrates in recording statements under Section 183 of BNSS , and the corroborative value of mixed confessions in securing convictions. Comparative insights from international jurisprudence are also provided to contextualize Indian legal standards. The findings underscore the necessity for a balanced approach in evaluating mixed confessions, ensuring that neither prosecutorial bias nor judicial overreach undermines the accused's rights. The paper concludes with recommendations for legal reforms and judicial prudence to enhance the integrity of confessional evidence in India's criminal justice system.

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KEYWORDS: confession, voluntarily, evidentiary value, mixed.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

insurance in India and the challenges encountered in each scheme from pre-independence times to the present day. Finally, based on the shortcomings reported and experiences learned, suggestions for effective implementation of the crop insurance schemes are presented

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insurance , crop , financial support , farmers

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Dengue virus infection is one of the most common mosquito-borne diseases and a fast-growing virus primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions and is spread by Aedes mosquitoes. An estimated 100 to 400 million infections occur each year and it kills one person every 12 minutes, making dengue a danger to world health. The majority of dengue infections are moderate or asymptomatic, but severe cases can cause serious bleeding, shock, or organ damage, among other potentially fatal consequences. Climate change increased international travel, fast urbanization, and inadequate infrastructure have all played a part in the virus's global spread. Dengue does not currently have a specific treatment; instead, prevention depends on personal protection measures and efficient vector control. The Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness, and Response Plan (SPRP) of the World Health Organization seeks to lessen the disease's burden by enhancing healthcare access, coordinating emergency responses, and protecting the population. Future control depends on enhanced surveillance and ongoing vaccine research. To combat dengue, a thorough, multifaceted strategy is needed at the international, national, and local levels.

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Dengue fever, Epidemiology, clinical insights, Strategies, Control

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