Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Biology plays a vital role in the contemporary education system worldwide by helping learners understand life processes, health, environment, and biodiversity. It fosters scientific thinking and equips students to address global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and sustainable development. This research paper presents an exhaustive comparative analysis of upper secondary (Grades 11-12) Biology curricula across five distinct educational jurisdictions: the United States (emphasizing Next Generation Science Standards), the United Kingdom (England's A-Level framework), Japan (MEXT Course of Study), Finland (National Core Curriculum), and India (examining CBSE, NIOS, and State Board integrations). Utilizing a multi-dimensional theoretical framework grounded in social realism and didactic transformation, this study interrogates key criteria such as governing bodies, credit divisions, practical and theoretical weightage, assessment architectures, and interdisciplinary approaches etc. The analysis synthesizes data from official curriculum documents (NCERT, CBSE, MEXT, OFQUAL) and academic literature to reveal a global dichotomy between "Curriculum traditions" prioritizing content mastery and "Didactic traditions" emphasizing student-content interaction (Gericke et al., 2025). The research findings highlight significant disparities in the treatment of inquiry-based learning, with India maintaining high-stakes, content-dense models, while Finland and the USA move toward competency-based, modular structures. The report concludes with a data-driven strategic roadmap for the enrichment of India's biology curriculum, advocating for structural reforms aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 to foster scientific temper and global competitiveness.

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 Keywords

Comparative analysis, Senior Secondary Biology, Curriculum Design, Assessment Policy, Scientific Literacy, Powerful Knowledge, NEP 2020, NGSS, IB Diploma, A-Levels, MEXT Japan.

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A quasi-experimental study (non-randomized control group pre-post-test design) was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of deep breathing exercises among children undergoing nebulisation therapy .The study include 60 samples of patients who were selected by purposive sampling technique. Respiratory assessment score and bio-physiological parameters are method used for data collection procedure. Experimental group received intervention of deep breathing exercises for 15-25 minutes a day. With regard to age, 9(30%) in experimental group and 10(33.3%) in control group belongs to the age group of 5-8 years and 9(30%) in experimental group and 9(30%) in control group belonged to the age group of above 8 years. Considering the gender, 17 (56.6%) subjects in the experimental group and 14(46.6%) in the control group were females and the remaining were males. For experimental group - breathing exercises were given for 10-15 minutes. For control group - nebulisation given to children thrice a day for 4 weeks. Mean, standard deviation, t-test, Pearson's chi-square test is used for statistical analysis. Regarding bio physiological parameter, the reduction is statistically significant (p=0.001***) in both groups. Thus, the author concludes that improvement in respiratory status seen in children who receive breathing exercises and nebulisation simultaneously. Thus, children with respiratory diseases will benefit from the intervention in improving their respiratory status by doing breathing exercises.

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Assess, Effectiveness, Deep Breathing Exercises, Nebulisation therapy.

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Emergency powers are a paradox in the constitution where the power of democratic federations is momentarily centralized, to save the state, and at the expense of the very freedoms they are supposed to defend. The current comparative analysis of the constitutional system regulating emergency powers in India, the United States and Germany compares the historical development of laws, the legal mechanism, judicial control, and practice of these laws. The analysis of the doctrines and the comparative approach to examine the topic shows that there are major differences between the explicit and quite often invoked emergency provisions in India and the implicit emergency doctrine of the USA and the model of the restrictive defensive democracy used in Germany. The research shows that the constitutional design, the past experience of authoritarianism, and the effectiveness of the judicial review play a pivotal role in determining whether the emergency powers are used as the protective means or as the means of constitutional undermining. Such results have a place in constitutional theory because it sheds light on how federal regimes strike between crisis management and democratic preservation as a guide to constitutional drafters in new democracies struggling with balancing the state security and civil liberties.

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Emergency Powers, Federal Constitutions, Comparative Constitutional Law, Judicial Review, Civil Liberties

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Introduction A descriptive study to assess the assertive behaviour and self esteem of staff nurses in selected hospital in the city and to develop and disseminate an informational booklet regarding assertive behaviour. Objectives: To assess the assertive behaviour of staff nurses; to assess the self esteem of staff nurses; to associate the assertive behaviour of staff nurses with selected demographic variables; to associate the self esteem of staff nurses with selected demographic variables; to correlate assertive behaviour and self esteem and to develop and disseminate an informational booklet regarding assertive behaviour. Method: A non-experimental descriptive design was used to assess knowledge of 100 staff nurses. The participants were selected by using a non probability convenient sampling technique. The structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of staff nurses. Results: It was found that most of the staff nurses 45(45%) were having assertive behaviour, 29(29%) of them were probably aggressive, 20(20%) were somewhat assertive behavior, 6(6%) were situationally non assertive, and none of the samples were very non assertive behavior. All of the staff nurses 100(100%) were having self esteem score "within normal range". It was also found that there was no significant association of assertive behavior with selected demographic variables, also there was no significant association of self esteem with selected demographic variables. Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the staff nurses 45(45%) were having assertive behaviour, 29(29%) of them were probably aggressive, 20(20%) were somewhat assertive behavior, 6(6%) were situationally non assertive, and none of the samples were very non assertive behavior. All of the staff nurses 100(100%) were having self esteem score "within normal range".

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Assertiveness, Self -esteem, Nurses

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The Indian automobile sector is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the country, playing a crucial role in economic growth, employment generation, and industrial development. This paper examines the performance of the Indian automobile industry with a focus on three key dimensions: production, domestic sales, and exports. It analyses recent trends across different vehicle segments, including passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, two-wheelers, and three-wheelers. The study highlights the impact of factors such as rising income levels, urbanization, government initiatives, technological advancements, and increasing global demand on the sector's growth. Furthermore, the paper discusses India's emergence as a global manufacturing and export hub for automobiles. The findings indicate that despite cyclical challenges, the Indian automobile sector continues to demonstrate strong growth potential, supported by a large domestic market and expanding export opportunities.

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Indian automobile sector; vehicle production; domestic sales; automobile exports; economic growth; manufacturing industry

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Depression is a common and serious mental health disorder that affects emotional well-being, physical health, and daily functioning. It is characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and cognitive and physical symptoms that interfere with normal life. Depression affects people of all ages and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. The condition arises from a complex interaction of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. If untreated, depression can result in severe complications, including chronic illness, functional disability, and suicide. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of depression, including its definition, prevalence, types, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features across different age groups, risk factors, complications, prevention strategies, and the role of the PHQ-9 scale in assessment and diagnosis.

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Depression, mental disorder, prevalence, pathophysiology, PHQ-9, risk factors

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In the context of eco-friendly products and green efforts, cause-related marketing (CRM) has become a key strategic instrument that connects consumer purchasing behaviour with business social responsibility. The current study aims to identify the awareness and attitude of youth towards green consumables, along with identifying the most preferred causes, taking into consideration, while making such a choice. The results show that customers have a comparatively high awareness of eco-friendly items and a strong preference for companies that actively promote environmental reasons. Particularly among Gen Z and teenagers, consumers exhibit increased awareness of environmental issues and favourable attitudes toward cause-related marketing campaigns. This group exhibits a greater inclination for goods that support social issues, sustainability, and environmental preservation, suggesting that cause-related weighting is a significant factor if its associates with child education and women's welfare, mostly in influencing their purchasing decisions.

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cause-related marketing, awareness, attitude, Gen Z, child education, women's welfare etc.

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This study investigates the status of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting practices among companies listed on the Nifty 50 index. As sustainability and responsible corporate behavior gain prominence globally, Indian companies are increasingly integrating ESG considerations into their business strategies and disclosure frameworks. The research aims to assess the extent of ESG reporting, evaluate adherence to global sustainability standards, and identify the challenges faced by Nifty 50 firms in achieving comprehensive and transparent disclosures. Using secondary data from company reports, sustainability disclosures, and regulatory filings, the study provides an analytical overview of emerging trends in ESG reporting. Findings highlight varying levels of ESG integration, with some firms adopting global frameworks such as GRI and BRSR, while others exhibit limited or inconsistent reporting practices. The study underscores the growing importance of ESG transparency in enhancing corporate reputation, investor confidence, and long-term value creation, offering insights for policymakers, regulators, and business leaders in strengthening India's sustainability landscape.

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ESG Reporting, Nifty 50 Companies, Corporate Governance, Responsible Business Practices, Sustainable Development.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing modern healthcare by enhancing disease diagnosis and supporting the advancement of personalized medicine. This review discusses the application of AI-based technologies, particularly machine learning and deep learning, in the analysis of complex medical data such as clinical records, medical imaging, and genomic information. These approaches improve diagnostic precision, facilitate early disease detection, and assist healthcare professionals in making timely and accurate clinical decisions. AI-driven techniques have demonstrated notable success in cancer diagnosis, especially in skin cancer, through automated image processing and pattern recognition methods. Furthermore, AI-enabled personalized medicine allows treatment strategies to be customized according to individual genetic profiles, biomarkers, lifestyle factors, and disease characteristics, thereby reducing unnecessary interventions and treatment-related adverse effects. Although challenges related to data quality, ethical concerns, and clinical implementation persist, ongoing research and technological progress are expected to overcome these limitations. Overall, AI has strong potential to reshape healthcare by enabling more accurate diagnosis and patient-specific therapeutic approaches.

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Artificial intelligence, Disease Diagnosis, Skin Cancer, Machine Learning, Deep learning, Personalized Medicine

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Background: Polyarthralgia in the context of febrile illnesses is frequently encountered in clinical practice and is prominent in post-infective states. Ayurveda describes Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), honored as "Am?ta," as a premier Ras?yana with Jvaraghna, Shothahara, and Ved?n?sth?pana actions. Classical attributes--Tikta-Ka??ya rasa, Laghu-Snigdha gu?a, U??a v?rya, and Madhura vip?ka--suggest a rationale for its use in fever-associated joint pain that often has an ?ma component. Objective: To clinically evaluate the utility of Guduchi administered as Sa??aman? Va?i in relieving polyarthralgia associated with febrile conditions, while grounding the rationale, posology, and assessments in Ayurvedic textual principles. Methods: A pragmatic case-series of five adult patients with fever and concomitant polyarthralgia received Sa??aman? Va?i (two tablets, three times daily) for five days with u??a jala as anup?na. Outcomes were tracked daily using patient-reported pain (0-10 VAS), morning stiffness minutes, painful joint count, fever log, and an ?yurvedic ?ma-Agni symptom scale. Dietary and behavioral pathy?-apathy? were counseled per classics. No modern journal data were used to frame the rationale; all interpretive frameworks reference classical Ayurveda. Results: All patients reported 75-80% improvement in global joint pain by day 5, with concordant reductions in stiffness, painful joint counts, and resolution of fever. Appetite, lightness, and sleep improved in parallel, suggesting favorable shifts in Agni and Do?a-?ma status. No adverse effects were recorded. Conclusion: Within the Ayurvedic paradigm, Guduchi--administered as Sa??aman? Va?i--appears to be a safe, fast-acting, and systemically supportive intervention for febrile polyarthralgia, likely via Deepana-P?cana, Jvaraghna, V?ta-Kapha ?amana, Shothahara, and Ras?yana effects. The present case-series, while limited in size and duration, aligns closely with classical descriptions and supports further controlled exploration.

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Guduchi; Tinospora cordifolia; Sa??aman? Va?i; Polyarthralgia; Jvara; ?ma; Ras?yana; Ved?n?sth?pana; Ayurveda

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