Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

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BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Smartphones have become an integral part of daily life among medical students due to academic and recreational demands. Prolonged and excessive smartphone use is associated with poor posture, repetitive movements, and sustained neck flexion, which may contribute to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), particularly affecting the neck and upper extremities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among medical students due to smartphone use. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 132 medical students aged 18-25 years at Motiwala College of Physiotherapy using purposive sampling. Outcome measures included the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. RESULTS: The study revealed a high prevalence of mild neck disability (90.2%), while 75.8% of participants showed no upper limb disability. CONCLUSION: Excessive smartphone use is strongly associated with neck-related musculoskeletal disorders among medical students, highlighting the need for early preventive and ergonomic interventions.

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KEYWORDS: Smartphone use, musculoskeletal disorders, neck disability, medical students, smartphone addiction.

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age and is a leading cause of anovulatory infertility. Its prevalence varies globally, with significant regional differences influenced by diagnostic criteria, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors. This review integrates foundational knowledge of PCOS with recent literature, highlighting its definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic frameworks, and management strategies. It also examines epidemiological studies from India and abroad, patient experiences, and evolving therapeutic approaches. The findings underscore the importance of early detection, lifestyle interventions, and individualized treatment to reduce the burden of PCOS and improve reproductive and metabolic outcomes

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), Patient Satisfaction, Barriers In PCOS Management and Prescription Analysis

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competence among college students. Employing an ex-post facto design, the study collected data from 600 college students across three districts of Punjab, India, using standardized scales for student engagement and academic competence. Descriptive, differential, correlational, and regression analyses were conducted. Results indicate a moderate to high level of student engagement and academic competence among students. Significant differences were observed based on gender, locale, and academic stream, with male, urban, and arts students showing higher engagement. Academic competence demonstrated a significant positive correlation with student engagement (r=0.53r=0.53), explaining 28.3% of its variance. The study concludes that academic competence is a critical predictor of student engagement, highlighting the need for educational strategies that enhance both academic skills and active participation in learning.

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Student Engagement, Academic Competence, College Students, Punjab, Higher Education

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This study was designed to study the classroom performance of secondary school teachers in relation to their career commitment and job satisfaction. The sample consists of 900 secondary school teachers of three districts of H.P. Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were computed from the tabulated data to examine the distribution pattern of classroom performance, career commitment, and job satisfaction. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation was used to determine the relationships between classroom performance and career commitment, as well as between classroom performance and job satisfaction.The results depicted that the correlation coefficient value between Classroom performance and career commitment is computed to be 0.047 which is less than the critical value. This value is found to be not significant at a 0.05 level of significance. It reveals that there is no significant association between classroom performance and the career commitment of secondary school teachers. Results also shows that the correlation coefficient value between Classroom performance and its dimensions and job satisfaction is computed to be 0.157 which is greater than the critical value. This value is found to be significant at a 0.01 level of significance. It reveals that there is a positive and significant correlation between classroom performance and the job satisfaction of secondary school teachers

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Classroom Performance, Secondary School Teachers, Career commitment, Job satisfaction.

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Adolescence represents a critical developmental phase characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. In the Indian educational system, this period coincides with intense academic pressure driven by competitive examinations, parental expectations, and future career concerns. As a result, a growing number of school students experience stress, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, and declining motivation toward learning. Although sports and physical activities are formally included in school curricula, they are often undervalued when compared to academic instruction. This imbalance raises concerns about students' holistic development and long-term well-being. This study investigates the role of sports participation in improving academic achievement, mental well-being, and classroom engagement among CBSE school students (Adani Vidya Mandir, Ahmedabad) from Classes VI to XII. A mixed-method research design was used, involving a structured 30-item student questionnaire, analysis of academic records, and teacher observations. The study draws on principles from cognitive science, educational psychology, and neuroscience, which explain how physical activity enhances brain function, emotional regulation, and learning capacity. The findings show that students who regularly participate in sports demonstrate lower stress levels, higher self-confidence, improved concentration, better peer relationships, and more positive academic behaviours. These students also show greater classroom attentiveness, improved time management, and higher motivation toward learning compared to students with minimal physical activity. The study concludes that sports are not merely extracurricular activities but a powerful educational tool that supports both academic success and student well-being. Integrating structured and regular sports programs into the daily routine of CBSE schools can strengthen students' mental resilience, improve learning outcomes, and promote holistic development, in alignment with the objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and CBSE's focus on competency-based education.

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Sports, Boosting, Academic performance and well being

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Abstract: The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of clutch hold method among Postnatal cesarean mothers admitted in obstetrics units of selected hospital at Gorakhpur. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental non-randomized control group design was used. Sixty participants with Postnatal cesarean mothers (30 in the experimental group, 30 in the control group) were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection involved a demographic proforma and the Likert scale to assess comfort levels before and after the intervention. The experimental group received Clutch hold method of breast feeding 3 days, while the control group received routine care. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed a significant improvement in comfort level the experimental group after the clutch hold method of breastfeeding, with a mean post-test pain score of 36.83 (SD 737.96). The control group's comfort level remained largely unchanged (mean pre-test 13.6, post-test 14.6). A significant association was also found between post-test comfort level and selected demographic variables. The study concludes that clutch hold method of breastfeeding is an effective intervention for improving comfort level. Index Terms - Assess, Effectiveness, clutch hold method cesarean section, postnatal mother, breastfeeding, comfort level, hospital.

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Index Terms - Assess, Effectiveness, clutch hold method cesarean section, postnatal mother, breastfeeding, comfort level, hospital.

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Biology plays a vital role in the contemporary education system worldwide by helping learners understand life processes, health, environment, and biodiversity. It fosters scientific thinking and equips students to address global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and sustainable development. This research paper presents an exhaustive comparative analysis of upper secondary (Grades 11-12) Biology curricula across five distinct educational jurisdictions: the United States (emphasizing Next Generation Science Standards), the United Kingdom (England's A-Level framework), Japan (MEXT Course of Study), Finland (National Core Curriculum), and India (examining CBSE, NIOS, and State Board integrations). Utilizing a multi-dimensional theoretical framework grounded in social realism and didactic transformation, this study interrogates key criteria such as governing bodies, credit divisions, practical and theoretical weightage, assessment architectures, and interdisciplinary approaches etc. The analysis synthesizes data from official curriculum documents (NCERT, CBSE, MEXT, OFQUAL) and academic literature to reveal a global dichotomy between "Curriculum traditions" prioritizing content mastery and "Didactic traditions" emphasizing student-content interaction (Gericke et al., 2025). The research findings highlight significant disparities in the treatment of inquiry-based learning, with India maintaining high-stakes, content-dense models, while Finland and the USA move toward competency-based, modular structures. The report concludes with a data-driven strategic roadmap for the enrichment of India's biology curriculum, advocating for structural reforms aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 to foster scientific temper and global competitiveness.

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Comparative analysis, Senior Secondary Biology, Curriculum Design, Assessment Policy, Scientific Literacy, Powerful Knowledge, NEP 2020, NGSS, IB Diploma, A-Levels, MEXT Japan.

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A quasi-experimental study (non-randomized control group pre-post-test design) was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of deep breathing exercises among children undergoing nebulisation therapy .The study include 60 samples of patients who were selected by purposive sampling technique. Respiratory assessment score and bio-physiological parameters are method used for data collection procedure. Experimental group received intervention of deep breathing exercises for 15-25 minutes a day. With regard to age, 9(30%) in experimental group and 10(33.3%) in control group belongs to the age group of 5-8 years and 9(30%) in experimental group and 9(30%) in control group belonged to the age group of above 8 years. Considering the gender, 17 (56.6%) subjects in the experimental group and 14(46.6%) in the control group were females and the remaining were males. For experimental group - breathing exercises were given for 10-15 minutes. For control group - nebulisation given to children thrice a day for 4 weeks. Mean, standard deviation, t-test, Pearson's chi-square test is used for statistical analysis. Regarding bio physiological parameter, the reduction is statistically significant (p=0.001***) in both groups. Thus, the author concludes that improvement in respiratory status seen in children who receive breathing exercises and nebulisation simultaneously. Thus, children with respiratory diseases will benefit from the intervention in improving their respiratory status by doing breathing exercises.

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Assess, Effectiveness, Deep Breathing Exercises, Nebulisation therapy.

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Emergency powers are a paradox in the constitution where the power of democratic federations is momentarily centralized, to save the state, and at the expense of the very freedoms they are supposed to defend. The current comparative analysis of the constitutional system regulating emergency powers in India, the United States and Germany compares the historical development of laws, the legal mechanism, judicial control, and practice of these laws. The analysis of the doctrines and the comparative approach to examine the topic shows that there are major differences between the explicit and quite often invoked emergency provisions in India and the implicit emergency doctrine of the USA and the model of the restrictive defensive democracy used in Germany. The research shows that the constitutional design, the past experience of authoritarianism, and the effectiveness of the judicial review play a pivotal role in determining whether the emergency powers are used as the protective means or as the means of constitutional undermining. Such results have a place in constitutional theory because it sheds light on how federal regimes strike between crisis management and democratic preservation as a guide to constitutional drafters in new democracies struggling with balancing the state security and civil liberties.

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Emergency Powers, Federal Constitutions, Comparative Constitutional Law, Judicial Review, Civil Liberties

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Introduction A descriptive study to assess the assertive behaviour and self esteem of staff nurses in selected hospital in the city and to develop and disseminate an informational booklet regarding assertive behaviour. Objectives: To assess the assertive behaviour of staff nurses; to assess the self esteem of staff nurses; to associate the assertive behaviour of staff nurses with selected demographic variables; to associate the self esteem of staff nurses with selected demographic variables; to correlate assertive behaviour and self esteem and to develop and disseminate an informational booklet regarding assertive behaviour. Method: A non-experimental descriptive design was used to assess knowledge of 100 staff nurses. The participants were selected by using a non probability convenient sampling technique. The structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of staff nurses. Results: It was found that most of the staff nurses 45(45%) were having assertive behaviour, 29(29%) of them were probably aggressive, 20(20%) were somewhat assertive behavior, 6(6%) were situationally non assertive, and none of the samples were very non assertive behavior. All of the staff nurses 100(100%) were having self esteem score "within normal range". It was also found that there was no significant association of assertive behavior with selected demographic variables, also there was no significant association of self esteem with selected demographic variables. Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the staff nurses 45(45%) were having assertive behaviour, 29(29%) of them were probably aggressive, 20(20%) were somewhat assertive behavior, 6(6%) were situationally non assertive, and none of the samples were very non assertive behavior. All of the staff nurses 100(100%) were having self esteem score "within normal range".

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Assertiveness, Self -esteem, Nurses

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