Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

সংক্ষিপ্তসার:- ভারতীয় দর্শনের জ্ঞানতত্ত্বে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞার একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভুমিকা রয়েছে। যা পূর্বে অর্জিত জ্ঞান ও বর্তমান উপলব্ধির সংযোগে উৎপন্ন হয়। ন্যায় ও জৈন দর্শন উভয়েই প্রত্যভিজ্ঞাকে স্বীকার করলেও তার স্বরূপ, প্রমাণমূল্য ও জ্ঞানতাত্ত্বিক অবস্থান নির্ধারণে তাদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিতে মৌলিক পার্থক্য লক্ষ্য করা যায়। ন্যায় দর্শনে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞা মূলত স্মৃতি ও প্রত্যক্ষের সংযোগজাত একটি জ্ঞানরূপ হিসেবে বিবেচিত এবং তা প্রত্যক্ষ প্রমাণের অন্তর্গত। কিন্তু জৈন দর্শনে তা পরোক্ষ প্রমাণের অন্তর্গত একটি স্বতন্ত্র প্রমাণ হিসেবে স্বীকৃত। এই প্রবন্ধে প্রথমে ন্যায় ও জৈন দর্শনের প্রমাণতত্ত্বে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞা জ্ঞানের ধারণা সংক্ষেপে আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। পরবর্তীতে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞার স্বরূপ ও জ্ঞানমূল্য উভয় দর্শনের আলোকে বিশ্লেষণ করে একটি তুলনামূলক আলোচনা উপস্থাপন করা হয়েছে। এর মাধ্যমে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞা সম্পর্কে ন্যায় এবং জৈন দর্শনের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির পার্থক্য স্পষ্ট করা হয়েছে। এই তুলনামূলক বিশ্লেষণ ভারতীয় জ্ঞানতত্ত্বে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞার অবস্থান ও গুরুত্ব অনুধাবন এই প্রবন্ধের আলোচ্য বিষয়।

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 Keywords

সূচক শব্দ:- প্রত্যভিজ্ঞা, প্রমাণ, জ্ঞানতত্ত্ব, স্মৃতি, ন্যায় দর্শন, জৈন দর্শন৷

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 Abstract

Sports infrastructure plays an important role in transforming students to encourage in sports activities. This study presents an assessment of sports infrastructure and facilities across different colleges in Manipur, in the motive that there will be a significant difference between government and aided colleges. The researcher collects the data from reputed colleges by using a self-made questionnaire. The data were collected from 10 colleges (5 government colleges and 5 government-aided colleges) through the random sampling method, which are located in different districts of valley areas of Manipur. To analyze the data, the chi-square test was applied at the level of significant difference of 0.05 to examine whether there are significant differences in the availability of sports facilities among the colleges. The analysis shows that there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in some specific areas.

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Sports infrastructure, facilities, colleges, chi-square, Manipur

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This paper presents a comparative analysis of three Artificial Intelligence (AI) based models -- Random Forest, XG Boost, and a Hybrid Ensemble Model (Random Forest + XG Boost) -- for detecting network threats. The NSL-KDD dataset was used to train and evaluate the models. The study aims to improve the accuracy, precision, and reliability of intrusion detection systems by combining ensemble learning methods. Each model was tested under the same preprocessing and training conditions, and performance metrics such as Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-score were analyzed. Results showed that the Hybrid Ensemble model achieved the best performance with an accuracy of 99.45%, proving that combining Random Forest and XG Boost enhances overall detection capability and reduces false alarms.

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Network Security, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Random Forest, XGBoost, Hybrid Ensemble, NSL-KDD, Threat Detection.

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BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Smartphones have become an integral part of daily life among medical students due to academic and recreational demands. Prolonged and excessive smartphone use is associated with poor posture, repetitive movements, and sustained neck flexion, which may contribute to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), particularly affecting the neck and upper extremities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among medical students due to smartphone use. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 132 medical students aged 18-25 years at Motiwala College of Physiotherapy using purposive sampling. Outcome measures included the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. RESULTS: The study revealed a high prevalence of mild neck disability (90.2%), while 75.8% of participants showed no upper limb disability. CONCLUSION: Excessive smartphone use is strongly associated with neck-related musculoskeletal disorders among medical students, highlighting the need for early preventive and ergonomic interventions.

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KEYWORDS: Smartphone use, musculoskeletal disorders, neck disability, medical students, smartphone addiction.

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age and is a leading cause of anovulatory infertility. Its prevalence varies globally, with significant regional differences influenced by diagnostic criteria, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors. This review integrates foundational knowledge of PCOS with recent literature, highlighting its definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic frameworks, and management strategies. It also examines epidemiological studies from India and abroad, patient experiences, and evolving therapeutic approaches. The findings underscore the importance of early detection, lifestyle interventions, and individualized treatment to reduce the burden of PCOS and improve reproductive and metabolic outcomes

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), Patient Satisfaction, Barriers In PCOS Management and Prescription Analysis

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competence among college students. Employing an ex-post facto design, the study collected data from 600 college students across three districts of Punjab, India, using standardized scales for student engagement and academic competence. Descriptive, differential, correlational, and regression analyses were conducted. Results indicate a moderate to high level of student engagement and academic competence among students. Significant differences were observed based on gender, locale, and academic stream, with male, urban, and arts students showing higher engagement. Academic competence demonstrated a significant positive correlation with student engagement (r=0.53r=0.53), explaining 28.3% of its variance. The study concludes that academic competence is a critical predictor of student engagement, highlighting the need for educational strategies that enhance both academic skills and active participation in learning.

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Student Engagement, Academic Competence, College Students, Punjab, Higher Education

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This study was designed to study the classroom performance of secondary school teachers in relation to their career commitment and job satisfaction. The sample consists of 900 secondary school teachers of three districts of H.P. Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were computed from the tabulated data to examine the distribution pattern of classroom performance, career commitment, and job satisfaction. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation was used to determine the relationships between classroom performance and career commitment, as well as between classroom performance and job satisfaction.The results depicted that the correlation coefficient value between Classroom performance and career commitment is computed to be 0.047 which is less than the critical value. This value is found to be not significant at a 0.05 level of significance. It reveals that there is no significant association between classroom performance and the career commitment of secondary school teachers. Results also shows that the correlation coefficient value between Classroom performance and its dimensions and job satisfaction is computed to be 0.157 which is greater than the critical value. This value is found to be significant at a 0.01 level of significance. It reveals that there is a positive and significant correlation between classroom performance and the job satisfaction of secondary school teachers

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Classroom Performance, Secondary School Teachers, Career commitment, Job satisfaction.

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Adolescence represents a critical developmental phase characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. In the Indian educational system, this period coincides with intense academic pressure driven by competitive examinations, parental expectations, and future career concerns. As a result, a growing number of school students experience stress, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, and declining motivation toward learning. Although sports and physical activities are formally included in school curricula, they are often undervalued when compared to academic instruction. This imbalance raises concerns about students' holistic development and long-term well-being. This study investigates the role of sports participation in improving academic achievement, mental well-being, and classroom engagement among CBSE school students (Adani Vidya Mandir, Ahmedabad) from Classes VI to XII. A mixed-method research design was used, involving a structured 30-item student questionnaire, analysis of academic records, and teacher observations. The study draws on principles from cognitive science, educational psychology, and neuroscience, which explain how physical activity enhances brain function, emotional regulation, and learning capacity. The findings show that students who regularly participate in sports demonstrate lower stress levels, higher self-confidence, improved concentration, better peer relationships, and more positive academic behaviours. These students also show greater classroom attentiveness, improved time management, and higher motivation toward learning compared to students with minimal physical activity. The study concludes that sports are not merely extracurricular activities but a powerful educational tool that supports both academic success and student well-being. Integrating structured and regular sports programs into the daily routine of CBSE schools can strengthen students' mental resilience, improve learning outcomes, and promote holistic development, in alignment with the objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and CBSE's focus on competency-based education.

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Sports, Boosting, Academic performance and well being

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Abstract: The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of clutch hold method among Postnatal cesarean mothers admitted in obstetrics units of selected hospital at Gorakhpur. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental non-randomized control group design was used. Sixty participants with Postnatal cesarean mothers (30 in the experimental group, 30 in the control group) were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection involved a demographic proforma and the Likert scale to assess comfort levels before and after the intervention. The experimental group received Clutch hold method of breast feeding 3 days, while the control group received routine care. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed a significant improvement in comfort level the experimental group after the clutch hold method of breastfeeding, with a mean post-test pain score of 36.83 (SD 737.96). The control group's comfort level remained largely unchanged (mean pre-test 13.6, post-test 14.6). A significant association was also found between post-test comfort level and selected demographic variables. The study concludes that clutch hold method of breastfeeding is an effective intervention for improving comfort level. Index Terms - Assess, Effectiveness, clutch hold method cesarean section, postnatal mother, breastfeeding, comfort level, hospital.

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Index Terms - Assess, Effectiveness, clutch hold method cesarean section, postnatal mother, breastfeeding, comfort level, hospital.

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Biology plays a vital role in the contemporary education system worldwide by helping learners understand life processes, health, environment, and biodiversity. It fosters scientific thinking and equips students to address global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and sustainable development. This research paper presents an exhaustive comparative analysis of upper secondary (Grades 11-12) Biology curricula across five distinct educational jurisdictions: the United States (emphasizing Next Generation Science Standards), the United Kingdom (England's A-Level framework), Japan (MEXT Course of Study), Finland (National Core Curriculum), and India (examining CBSE, NIOS, and State Board integrations). Utilizing a multi-dimensional theoretical framework grounded in social realism and didactic transformation, this study interrogates key criteria such as governing bodies, credit divisions, practical and theoretical weightage, assessment architectures, and interdisciplinary approaches etc. The analysis synthesizes data from official curriculum documents (NCERT, CBSE, MEXT, OFQUAL) and academic literature to reveal a global dichotomy between "Curriculum traditions" prioritizing content mastery and "Didactic traditions" emphasizing student-content interaction (Gericke et al., 2025). The research findings highlight significant disparities in the treatment of inquiry-based learning, with India maintaining high-stakes, content-dense models, while Finland and the USA move toward competency-based, modular structures. The report concludes with a data-driven strategic roadmap for the enrichment of India's biology curriculum, advocating for structural reforms aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 to foster scientific temper and global competitiveness.

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Comparative analysis, Senior Secondary Biology, Curriculum Design, Assessment Policy, Scientific Literacy, Powerful Knowledge, NEP 2020, NGSS, IB Diploma, A-Levels, MEXT Japan.

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