Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

An alternator is a vital component of a power generation system, and its reliable operation is essential for maintaining continuous power supply. Due to its high cost and importance, effective protection of an alternator against internal faults is necessary. Differential protection is one of the most reliable and widely used methods for protecting alternators from internal phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults. This protection scheme operates on the principle of comparing the current entering and leaving the alternator winding. Under normal operating conditions, the differential current is zero, but during an internal fault, a difference in current is detected, causing the relay to operate and isolate the faulty alternator from the system. This paper discusses the principle, working, advantages, and applications of differential protection of alternators. It highlights how differential protection ensures fast fault detection, minimizes damage, and improves the overall reliability and safety of power generation systems

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 Keywords

Merz-Price System, Circulating Current Principle, Current Transformers (CTs), Pilot Wires, Relay Coil/Operating Coil etc

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Debate activities have been powerful teaching tools in language classrooms to develop oral communicative competence and critical thinking. It is a challenging task for Indian ESL learners to speak in a second language. Moreover, despite being a link language in India, many students cannot use English confidently for real-life communication. Students who get educated in the English language formally throughout their school-going years are unable to use the English language for communication outside the classroom. Textbooks in English set different questions in the exam every year, teaching-learning process. As a result, students memorize the text and various answers without comprehending the matter and remembering the correct answers to the questions. In addition, this system allows little space for any spoken communication in the language classroom. The research paper studies the possibilities of the use of debate activities in teaching-learning of English with special reference to Indian ESL learners. According to the findings of the research, the activities of debates can be an effective means to improve speaking skills, vocabulary, listening skills and build learner confidence.

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debate activities, English language learning, Indian ESL learners, speaking skills, communicative competence.

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Abstract. Will India and China co-exist, especially in South East Asia, and reap the fruits of cooperation with ASEAN countries together? Or are they hell-bent to contain each-others' influence in the whole of Asia in general and in SEA in particular? The Dragon's violent rise is more visible now, as was predicted twenty years back by John Mearsheimer, the American offensive realist thinker. China is asserting itself by her actions in the South China Sea, increase in military presence on the disputed islands, her belligerent relations with many of the ASEAN countries, Japan, Australia, and India, etc. June 2020, border clashes with India at Galwan Valley in Ladak, which took twenty lives of Indian soldiers, have further raised a question mark on her peaceful rise. For India, it also at the same time has increased the apprehensions as to how India-China relations will unfold in other regions, especially in South East Asia where both are having great stakes. India is looking towards the southeast more seriously since 1991. To act more proactively in this region, the Narinder Modi Government made a policy shift of translating India's Look East Policy into Act East Policy in 2014. China is taking serious note of growing a new alliance buildup in this region where India, Japan, and Australia are heavily weighted towards the United States of America. India's protest on OBOR and growing proximity with ASEAN countries, on the other hand, is also irking China. The current paper, therefore, takes all these factors into account and attempts to see what goals India has set to achieve in Act East Policy and what challenges she is facing in it especially from China, and how is she dealing with such a state of uncertainty in this region.

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 Keywords

Look East Policy, Act East Policy, Rise of China, Sino-India Clashes, ?? ASEAN

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Background & Purpose: Shoulder pain is common in competitive swimmers due to repetitive overhead activity. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of rhythmic stabilization exercises and strengthening exercises in reducing shoulder pain and improving function in swimmers. Methodology: An experimental study was conducted on 70 competitive swimmers aged 10-25 years, randomly divided into Group A (rhythmic stabilization) and Group B (strengthening). Interventions were given three times per week for four weeks. Outcome measures included SPADI, NPRS, and the Updated Swimmer Shoulder Pain Scale. .Results: Both groups showed significant improvement in pain and function (p < 0.001); however, rhythmic stabilization produced significantly greater reductions across all outcome measures. Conclusion: Rhythmic stabilization exercises are more effective than strengthening exercises in reducing shoulder pain and improving function in competitive swimmers.

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 Keywords

Swimmer's shoulder, rhythmic stabilization, strengthening exercises, shoulder pain

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Influence of Digital Competency and Attitude Towards Ethical Integration of AI in Teaching on the Techno-Pedagogical Competency of Prospective Teachers Abstract In the digital era, where students are deeply influenced and driven by technology and Artificial Intelligence, the education system has been undergoing drastic transformations in many aspects. Therefore, the teachers must be able to create successful learning experiences and facilitate learners in their learning process, integrating technology and Artificial Intelligence. The capability and efficiency of teacher educators to integrate the use of technology with content and subject matter properly in teaching-learning situations to enhance the performance of teaching goals and tasks is referred to as Techno-pedagogical competency. Techno-pedagogical competency and Digital Competency are not the same. Digital Competency is the ability to use digital tools in a confident, critical and creative manner. For the effective use of AI in classrooms, teachers should also have a positive attitude towards ethical integration of AI in teaching-learning process. The present study aimed to find out whether Techno-pedagogical competency of prospective teachers is correlated with Digital Competency and Attitude towards ethical integration of AI in teaching. And also, to find out whether Techno-pedagogical Competency can be predicted in terms of Digital Competency and Attitude towards Ethical Integration of AI in teaching of prospective teachers. The researcher used descriptive survey method on a sample of 388 prospective teachers across Kerala. The tools used for the data collection are Digital Competency Scale, Scale of Attitude towards Ethical Integration of AI in teaching and Techno-pedagogical Competency Scale developed by the researcher under expert validation. The data were analysed using Pearson's product-moment correlation, Multiple Linear Correlation, Simple Linear Regression, and Multiple Linear Regression. The study revealed a moderate positive correlation (r=0.427) between Techno-pedagogical Competency and combined influence of Digital Competency and Attitude towards Ethical Integration of AI in teaching of prospective teachers. Also, Techno-pedagogical Competency of prospective teachers can be predicted in terms of Digital Competency and Attitude towards Ethical Integration of AI in teaching. The findings of the study contribute to the modification and enrichment of curricular outcomes of teacher education programmes by emphasizing the systematic enhancement of the techno-pedagogical competency of prospective teachers. This can be achieved through targeted interventions such as workshops, seminars, hands-on activities, and reflective practices that specifically focus on strengthening digital competency and fostering a positive attitude towards the ethical integration of Artificial Intelligence in teaching. Such curriculum-oriented interventions ensure that prospective teachers are not only technologically proficient but also pedagogically effective and ethically responsible in integrating AI into contemporary classroom practices.

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Digital Competency, Attitude towards Ethical Integration of AI in Teaching, Techno-Pedagogical Competency, Prospective Teachers

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The aim of the study was to compare the evaluation of eye donation awareness among the general population and medical persons, and the results showed that medical students had higher awareness regarding eye donation compared to non-medical students, with both awareness and willingness being better among medicos than non-medicos. Although awareness regarding eye donation was satisfactory, most participants in both groups were not willing to donate their eyes. Most respondents knew that eyes can be donated only after death, but only 30% of non-medical students were willing to donate, mainly due to lack of awareness. More than half of the participants were unaware that eye removal can be done at the donor's home, and most students expressed willingness to help spread awareness about eye donation.

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eye donation, Awareness, Medicos and non medicos, Cornea

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the most influential forces of shaping the modern world. From healthcare and education to business and entertainment, AI has altered how humans think, work, and create. Literature, particularly English novels and fiction, has not remained untouched by this technological revolution. Traditionally it is viewed as a deeply human art form driven by imagination, emotion, and experience. The fiction is now undergoing a transformation as AI increasingly participates in the processes of writing, analyzing, and even redefining storytelling. The relationship between AI and English fiction reflects exciting possibilities and serious challenges as well as making it a crucial subject of contemporary literary discussion.

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Artificial Intelligence, technological, experience, transformation, challenges

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Irwin Canal is in present Mandya district. The region of the Mandya district lies in the north-eastern parts of Mysore district. Irwin Canal ryots agitation in the thirties was against the Government Policy of irrigation and agriculture. The struggle by then had limited agendas: focusing on high water cess or levy, against the block system of irrigation, abolition of interest and increasing number of installment for the payment of water cess etc. For the fir st time in Mysore State, Cauvery falls at Sivanasamudra, was harnessed in 1902 for generation of electrical power. Later on due insufficient flow of water in the river, especially during summer, made it difficult to maintain continuous supply of power. As a result, the authorities felt the need for a reservoir on the Cauvery River. The then Deputy Chief Engineer, Captain Dawes prepared a rough scheme for construction of a reservoir at Kannambadi. The Cauvery River, for which the dam was to be constructed, did not only pass through Mysore but also Madras. Since 1892 there existed an agreement between the Madras Government and the Mysore Government entitled: Rules defining the limits within which no new irrigation works are to be constructed by Mysore State without previous reference to Madras Government. Madras although a downstream State, could veto any irrigation work in Mysore.1 The reason why Mysore had to accept the 1892 agreement was of course its constitutional provisions under the British Government.

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Mandya, Kannambadi, Kaveri, H Honnaiah, H.K. Veeranna Gowda

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COVID-19 is a contagious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is associated with respiratory complications ranging from mild to severe illness. Although antiviral drugs are available, conventional dosage forms show limitations such as poor bioavailability and frequent dosing. Buccal in-situ gel is a novel drug delivery system that transforms from sol to gel under physiological conditions. This system provides prolonged drug release, improved bioavailability, and better patient compliance. The present work reviews COVID-19, its treatment strategies, and the potential application of buccal in-situ gel as an effective drug delivery approach.

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COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Buccal in-situ gel, Patient compliance, Antiviral treatment

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This study investigates the role of eco-marketing tools (eco-labels, green advertising, and eco-brands) in shaping green purchase intention among working and household women in Haryana, India. Building upon emerging consumer awareness of environmental issues, this research examines how marketing communication strategies influence the translation of green product perception into actual purchase behaviour. Using an exploratory research design, primary data were collected through structured questionnaires from 100 women across Karnal, Panipat, and Kurukshetra districts. Statistical analyses including correlation, regression, and mediation analysis were performed using SPSS software. Results revealed that eco-labels (? = 0.42, p < 0.001) and green advertising (? = 0.38, p < 0.01) significantly influence purchase intention, with environmental attitude mediating these relationships. Working women demonstrated higher responsiveness to eco-marketing tools compared to household women. The study identifies critical gaps in current industry practices, particularly the limited penetration of eco-labels in regional markets and the mismatch between advertising claims and product availability. These findings offer actionable insights for marketers and policymakers to design targeted interventions that convert environmental awareness into sustainable consumption patterns, thereby supporting India's commitment to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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 Keywords

Keywords: Eco-labels, environmental attitude, green advertising, green purchase intention, Haryana women, sustainable consumption, eco-marketing tools

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition