Volume 13 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of Computer Science which deals with the creation and study of intelligent tools/applications/software/agents/techniques the one can act, learn autonomously. AI is a well known field which plays a critical role in the advancement of forensic science and helps Forensic Scientist/Experts/Investigators in handling, Documentations and analysis of evidence across different levels. It saves time, costs & permits them to concentrate on crucial tasks with dedication and enough time and can help to create a data library for future reference that can be greatly helpful in criminal investigations. The various challenges faced by forensic Experts can be resolved by AI, It offers both advancement and challenges. It advances the enhancement in evidence analysis with improved reliability and accuracy. The biggest challenge is Ethical and privacy consideration. Currently, AI can be supporting every branch of Forensic Science including DNA fingerprinting unit, Forensic Ballistics, Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Dentistry and Odontology, Cyber Forensic, Voice recognition and Biometric Unit.

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 Keywords

Forensic, AI, Crime, Investigation, Technique, Crime scene reconstruction

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Epithelial pathology encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders affecting the epithelial tissues, ranging from benign hyperplasias to malignant neoplasms. The oral epithelium, a dynamic and frequently exposed tissue, is particularly prone to pathological changes due to environmental, genetic, and microbial factors. Common epithelial pathologies include hyperkeratosis, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Premalignant conditions such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis exhibit varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia, with potential for malignant transformation. Infectious diseases like oral candidiasis and viral papillomas also alter epithelial integrity, leading to hyperplastic or erosive changes. Autoimmune disorders, including lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris, cause epithelial atrophy, blistering, and desquamation. Histopathological evaluation is essential for diagnosing epithelial pathologies, assessing dysplasia, and guiding management. Biomarkers such as p53, Ki-67, and E-cadherin aid in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. Early detection and intervention are crucial, as epithelial malignancies, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma, have high morbidity and mortality rates. Advances in molecular pathology and immunohistochemistry have improved diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the need for continuous research in epithelial pathology.

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 Keywords

dysplasia, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis

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Observation after administration of the remedy is a very significant part of the profession as a Homoeopathic physician. It may be amelioration, aggravation, no effect, new and trouble some symptoms, disappearance of prominent symptoms or the induction of accessory symptoms. These are arranged in schematic way vaguely distributed in different parts of Organon of Medicine and chronic diseases. The summarisation of these facts shall be helpful in the prognosis, planning of treatment, anti-doting the medicine and repetition of the same medicine for the profession to attain the god of mission for the practitioners and the researchers in Homoeopathy.

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Hahnemann's observations, after administration of the remedy, Organon of Medicine.

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Abstract The 19th century is marked as the turning point in the history of Pali Buddhism once again in it getting strong in Myanmar because of the sponsorship of Buddhist texts by the Burmese kings starting from King Mendon Min of the Kobang Dynasty, as alluded to earlier in the article. This article notes the contribution of the monarchs in the compilation and promotion of the Pali Buddhist literature, emphasizing their involvement in the canonizing and redacting efforts of the Pali Canon. During the rule of King Mendon Min, the first and only ever-held Fifth Buddhist Council was also held within the time frame of 1871 and 1872, and this allowed the restart of the practice of the recitation, verification, and preservation of all versions of the Pali Tipitaka across the whole country of the Union of Myanmar. Their royal patronage was not limited only to the council but also supported the development of monastic education, sponsorship of scholars, and dissemination of copies of the canonical texts across Myanmar's territory. Such benefaction was crucial to preserving the Buddhist canon, but it also established Buddhism as one of the primary identities of the Burmese people.

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Keywords: Pali Buddhism, Burmese Monarchs, Patronage, Buddhist Texts, 19th Century, Religious Patronage.

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The colonial overland trade routes connecting Tibet, Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sikkim were not just economic corridors but strategic instruments of British imperial policy. The British sought to consolidate their influence in the Eastern Himalayas, counter Russian expansion, and facilitate the movement of goods and intelligence. Treaties like the 1890 Anglo-Chinese Convention and the 1904 Treaty of Lhasa formalized British control over key trading posts. Infrastructure development, including roads, suspension bridges, and railways, enabled smoother commercial activity and military movement. The Bhutan-Bengal trade route functioned through the Duars, with Cooch Behar and Rangpur emerging as critical trade hubs. Indo-Nepal trade expanded via designated routes through Darjeeling, Purnea, and Champaran, benefiting from the Treaty of Titaliya (1817). The Indo-Tibet trade through Sikkim gained prominence after the Treaty of Tumlong (1861), with the Jelep-la route emerging as a crucial commercial link. British interventions, including the construction of metalled roads and railway expansions, transformed Himalayan trade patterns, integrating the region into global markets and reshaping its economic landscape.

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 Keywords

Colonial Trade Routes, Eastern Himalayas, British Infrastructure, Indo-Tibet Trade, Treaty of Tumlong, Anglo-Chinese Convention 1890, Jelep-la Route

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It is usual to uncover physical and chemical lesions of the oral cavity during routine examinations since the mouth cavity is constantly exposed to chemicals and trauma. These can include sharp occlusal anatomy, acidic and alkaline goods or medications, food or drink at different temperatures, and traumatic occlusion. We will talk about the following lesions: smoker's melanosis, systemic metallic intoxication, antral pseudocyst, cervicofacial emphysema, myosperulosis, anaesthetic necrosis, exfoliative chelitis, amalgam tattoos, oral piercing, traumatic ulceration, electrical and thermal burns, orofacial complications of drug abuse, and antral pseudocyst.

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trauma, abrasions, heat injuries, exposure to toxic substances.

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Georeferencing is the process of aligning images or maps with real-world geographic coordinates. Georeferencing in drone-captured images with enhanced precision requires the sophisticated integration of telemetry data, including Horizontal field of view (HFoV), Vertical field of view (VFoV) and camera angles. This paper presents a comprehensive method to achieve superior georeferencing accuracy in aerial image framesets, crucial for applications in vehicle traffic speed monitoring, mapping, surveying and environmental monitoring. Telemetry data capturing essential metrics such as Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, altitude and drone orientation is collected during drone flights. Synchronized images captured ensure each frame is tagged with precise timestamps, facilitating the accurate correlation of images with drone positions. This research introduced a novel approach to rectify the coordinates of a random point or point of interest on image by removing lens distortion and mitigating the impact of geographical curvature. The study focused on precise correction of these coordinates to ensure accurate georeferencing. This process involved an interim calculation of the slant range which is the distance from the camera to a point on the ground, measured at an angle based on the camera's position and orientation. A key element of this approach is the calculation of East-West and North-South offsets, which are then applied to any particular point of interest for precise georeferencing. Primary parameters such as GPS coordinates and altitude, along with secondary parameters like drone orientation are crucial for these calculations. This methodology ensured accurate correction of coordinates, significantly enhancing the reliability of the data collected. As part of this research, Calculated Offsets are applied to rectify a particular point of interest in the image coordinates, which are then compared with actual GPS coordinates for the same point to ensure correctness. Subsequent steps involve applying these calculations for accurate real-world coordinate mapping on the Earth's surface, adjusting for desired map projections or coordinate systems and overlaying coordinates directly onto the image framesets. Rigorous quality control measures validate georeferencing accuracy against known ground control points. This methodology not only enhances the accuracy of geospatial data but also streamlines the integration of these images into GIS platforms. The outcomes signify a significant advancement in the application of drone technology for precise geospatial analysis, providing a framework that can be adapted for diverse georeferencing needs.

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Drone Camera Video; Georeferencing; HFoV; Vehicle Speed; VFoV.

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A pre-experimental study to assess a study to assess the effectiveness of Yoga on Minor Physical Problems Among Antenatal Mothers Attending Antenatal Outpatient Department In Government hospital Sagar. Conceptual framework adopted for this study was general system theory. The research design used in this study was one group pretest, posttest design. The samples were selected by using convenient sampling technique. The sample size consisted of 90 antenatal mothers. The instrument used for the data collection was numerical rating scales to assess the level of low back pain, level of edema, level of leg gramps among antenatal mothers. The interventional strategy consisted of yoga which simple posture to relax, leg folding, leg cross, leg straight leg sideward, chair twisting, Triangle posture, calf stretch sitting on heal exercises. Data was collected for a period of 6 weeks among antenatal mothers. The collected data were analysed by using descriptive statistics (frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics ('t' test and Chi-Square) to test the study hypothesis. Major Study Findings: Regarding to the effectiveness of yoga on minor physical problems among antenatal mothers. The Post test mean value was lower than the pre test mean value regarding low back pain, leg edema, leg gramps among antenatal mothers. The obtained 't' value for low back pain 7.584 was significant at P=0.00 level. The obtained 't' value for leg edema 4.08 was significant at P=0.00 level. The obtained 't' value for leg gramps 4.76 was significant at P=0.00 level. There is no association between effect of yoga on minor physical problem among antenatal mothers with their selected demographic variables.

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yoga, minor physical problems

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The Importance of the Birthday of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in the Context of Islam. The importance of each day is different and the purpose is different. The purpose is to highlight the importance and fidelity of the birthday of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in the context of the days celebrated globally. The practice of celebrating certain days is becoming common today but on reflection it will be clear that the basis and foundation of all these days is the essence of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Arrangements were made to celebrate all the days at once.

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Eid Milad-Un-Nabi, Significance, Islam, Birthday of the Prophet

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While there is function of execution, then there are possibilities of accident. Construction is a versatile execution activity and here huge workers are involved all over the world. By this sequence Construction workers in Bangladesh face numerousaccidentsincluding occupational hazards, injuries, and mental health challenges. When any accident happened-at first it affectsinstantlythe mind of total team in the working site and finally impact the working environment. As a result, the affected personnelsuffersmuch even die and others teammates cannot concentrate their mind into workfor long time. This study explores the prevalence, causes, and management of these issues. It highlights the gaps in safety protocols, the role of government policies, and the necessity of implementing effective intervention programs to improve worker well-being. The manuscript suggests targeted strategies for accident prevention, injury management, and mental health support tailored to the Bangladeshi construction sector.

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Construction workers, workplace accidents, injury management, mental health

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