Volume 7 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Abstract:Environmental degradation in coal mining regions remains a pressing issue in India, particularly in the Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL) areas of West Bengal and Jharkhand. This article examines the various environmental hazards resulting from ECL's mining activities, including land degradation, air and water pollution, and threats to biodiversity. Through an in depth discussion based on credible studies and systematic field observation, the paper investigates the socio-ecological implications of open-cast and underground mining. It highlights the effects on local communities, agriculture and the atmosphere while reflecting on the role of government regulation and corporate responsibility. The article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the long-term environmental risks and proposes holistic measures for mitigation. By combining scholarly insights and critical reflection, this work emphasizes the urgency of sustainable practices in ECL regions to safeguard both nature and people.

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ECL, coal mining, environmental hazard, land degradation, pollution.

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The Village Panchayat or elected council had large powers, both executive and judicial. Land was distributed by this panchayat which also collected taxes out of the produce and paid the government's share on behalf of the village. Above a number of these village councils there was a larger panchayat or council to supervise and interfere if necessary.[2] Casteism and feudalistic system of governance under Mughal rule in the medieval period slowly eroded the self-government in villages. A new class of feudal chiefs and revenue collectors emerged between the ruler and the people. And, so began the stagnation and decline of self-government in villages.

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IN BRITISH ADMINISTRATION The Royal Commission on Decentralisation (1907) BEFORE-INDEPENDENCE OF INDIAAFTER-INDEPENDENCE OF INDIA:Committee of G.V.K. RAO 1985.Committee Of L. M. SINGHVI -1986.THE KARNATAKA PANCHAYATRAJ ACT 19931. To examine the socio economic and political development of the villeges. 2. To critically examine the central state government programs for the development of the Villeges 3. To study the income and consumption pattern of the villege area people

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This research aims to study the emotional and psychological complexities of a modern Indian family navigating the tensions of custody battle in Manju Kapur's novel Custody. Set against the backdrop of India's post-liberalization era, the novel examines how societal changes impact relationships within a middle-class family. Shagun, mother of Roohi and Arjun seeking independence and freedom, engages in an extra-marital affair that disrupts her marriage to Raman, while Ishita, the second wife, epitomizes the self-sacrificing ideal of motherhood and wifehood that defines traditional values. Their emotional and legal struggles, particularly in the context of the custody battle over their children, reveal the gendered biases in India's legal system and the psychological toll of marital breakdowns on children. Custody critiques the evolving societal expectations of women, questioning the conflict between personal desires and familial obligations in a rapidly transforming India.

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Custody of Children, Marital discord , Legal and Psychological Complexities

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Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are decentralized, self-configuring wireless networks that rely on dynamic topologies and collaborative node-to-node communication without fixed infrastructure. While MANETs offer flexibility and ease of deployment, they are highly vulnerable to various security threats due to their open nature, limited resources, and lack of centralized control. Secure routing becomes a critical concern to ensure the reliable transmission of data across the network. This research investigates the core security challenges in MANET routing protocols and analyzes various secure routing mechanisms designed to mitigate attacks such as black hole, wormhole, and Sybil attacks. It provides a comparative study of notable secure routing protocols including SAODV, ARAN, SEAD, and SRP, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and performance trade-offs under different threat models. Key security requirements such as authentication, integrity, confidentiality, and availability are discussed in the context of routing strategies. Simulation results (or theoretical analysis, if no simulation is done) demonstrate the effectiveness of these protocols in enhancing MANET security while maintaining acceptable performance metrics. The study further explores potential enhancements and emerging trends aimed at developing more robust and adaptive secure routing solutions for future MANET deployments.

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: Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), Secure Routing, Routing Protocols, Wireless Networks, Network Security, Cryptography, Attack Mitigation, SAODV, ARAN, Black Hole Attack, Wormhole Attack.

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The rapid growth of urban populations has led to an increasing demand for smarter and more sustainable city infrastructure. This research presents an IoT-based Smart City framework utilizing Raspberry Pi and ESP32 microcontrollers to automate and monitor key urban services including car parking, street lighting, waste management, and weather detection. The proposed system incorporates three IR sensors to detect vehicle presence in parking slots and operates corresponding servo motors to control gate barriers. For street light automation, Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are used to differentiate between day and night, triggering LEDs accordingly to conserve energy. A rain sensor connected to a servo motor detects weather conditions (dry/wet), while smart bins equipped with IR sensors monitor waste levels. Upon reaching full capacity, the system sends SMS alerts using a GSM 800 module and captures the bin location via GPS for efficient waste collection. Real-time data from all modules is transmitted to the Adafruit IO cloud server using the ESP32 module, enabling remote monitoring of IP locations, parking slot availability, bin status, and street light operations. The integration of these technologies into a unified platform demonstrates a scalable and efficient approach to building sustainable smart cities with minimal human intervention.

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IoT, Smart City, Raspberry Pi, ESP32, Adafruit IO, Car Parking System, Street Light Automation, IR Sensor, LDR Sensor, Rain Sensor, GSM 800 Module, GPS Module, Smart Bin Monitoring, Real-Time Data, Cloud-Based Monitoring, Urban Infrastructure.

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Women are nearly the half of the total population size of a society. The economic empowerment of women is predominantly depends on educational achievement of women in a society. This is not only true that education is an entry point of various opportunities but also educational achievement of women helps her to making self-confident in all spheres of activities of a society, including full participation on the basis of equality in the decision-making process to access power of social and economic aspects of society. It improves quality of life such that, attaining education one becomes more aware about socio-economic obstacles. In Assam, it has reordered that gender gaps between male and female have reduced in primary and secondary level of education, but the aforementioned disparities still exists in higher education. Large number of girls especially from the rural areas drop out before reaching any higher education. Therefore, there is need to develop a flexible, accessible and equitable education system in which women along with the men counterpart can easily fulfill their aspiration and to create a responsible develop society with overcoming their social obligations. Through this research paper an attempt is made to study on present status of women in higher education in Assam and find out key factors which will focus to bring out educational inequality among men and women and their solutions.

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: Women, Education, Society, Women status, Higher education, Development.

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In the Indian ancient of mathematical history, the name Acharya Lagadha Muni stands as a beacon of ancient Indian brilliance. Though shrouded in the mists of time, his contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly within the framework of Vedic astrology, remain a testament to the intellectual prowess of early Indian civilization. This article delves into the life and work of Lagadha, exploring his significant contributions to Vedic mathematics and their enduring impact on subsequent generations of scholars. His exact life span remains shrouded in the mists of time, his contributions to the field of Vedic mathematics are undeniable.

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Ancient, Brilliance, Contribution, Framework, Astrology, Prowess, Significant, Generation.

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Satyagraha was a chemical in which the combination of truth and insistence led to the union of religion and revolution. Due to such a wonderful synergy, it became a driving force that brought about change in all spheres of life.

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Satyagrahas of South Gujarat during the freedom struggle

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A Low income group of family plays multifarious socio-economic roles inside as well as outside the home. Women work harder than men in rural society. They are not only homemakers but also bread winners, baring land preparation, irrigation and plant protection. They do all the farm Jobs and are entirely incharge of kitchen gardening and animals keeping. Their Management in agriculture in 80 percent. They also do collection of fodder and fuel, cooking, child caring, animal husbandry, handicrafts work in their daily life.

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Family, Time Management, Energy Management, Practices and Socio-Economic development.

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Even though dystopia has been emerging in writing, it is currently such tragic and heart rending fiction that has become particularly famous. The argument of this paper is to examine how contemporary Indian fiction exhibits the barbarity of contemporary Indian religious beliefs conditioning the society, specifically the arrangements upheld by an Indian state where custom and immaculateness are esteemed above multiculturality, discourse, and equity, this paper centers around an acclaimed book, to be specific, Nayantara Sahgal's When the Moon Shines by Day (2017). In various manners, the work depicts the dystopian world picture of dubious occasions in contemporary India. The work additionally cautions against the risks of the fundamentalist variant of religion and social restriction, simultaneously as they draw out into the open to harm that a prevailing minority. The present paper substantiates the characteristics of a dystopian world modelled by Nayantara Sahgal, who tries to show the harsh reality of contemporary Indian society.

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Dystopia, Contemporary Indian fiction, Socio-religious divide, Barbarity, Restriction, Totalitarianism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition