Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Education is fundamental to the socio-economic advancement of Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India; however, sustainability assessments often rely on isolated indicators such as literacy or enrolment, limiting holistic evaluation. This study introduces the Tribal Education Sustainability Index (TESI), a composite quantitative framework integrating Literacy Performance, Retention Efficiency, and Gender Parity into a unified sustainability metric. The model adopts a deterministic Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) structure and applies the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to rank longitudinal performance using secondary data from 2013-2016. The results classify tribal education as moderately sustainable with gradual improvement, with 2015-16 emerging as the most preferred year. However, retention efficiency is identified as the principal structural constraint, revealing the system's sensitivity to dropout fluctuations despite stable literacy and improving gender parity. The proposed TESI-TOPSIS framework offers a replicable and policy-relevant tool for quantitative sustainability assessment in marginalized educational contexts.

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 Keywords

Tribal Education, Sustainability, MCDM, TOPSIS, TESI, Retention Rate, Gender Parity

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The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for alternative therapeutic strategies. This review analyses various in vitro models employed to evaluate the bactericidal properties of homoeopathic medicines. A wide range of experimental methods- including agar diffusion assays, broth dilution techniques for determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-kill assays, biofilm models, and advanced analytical techniques such as flow cytometry have been utilized to assess antimicrobial activity against organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Several homoeopathic preparations, have demonstrated inhibitory effects under laboratory conditions at different potencies. By bridging traditional principles with modern methodologies, future standardised in vitro model research can contribute significantly to the integration of homoeopathy into mainstream antimicrobial strategies.

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In-Vitro study, Bactericidal properties, homoeopathic medicine

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Cold and flu are common viral infections affecting children between 2-12 years, often leading to absenteeism from school and parental concern. Conventional treatments provide symptomatic relief but may cause side effects. Homeopathy, with its individualized and holistic approach, offers a safe alternative for pediatric care. This article highlights the clinical presentation of cold and flu in children and discusses the homeopathic remedies frequently employed, with reference to studies published in IJCRT and other research literature.

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Cold ,Flu, Pediatric group, Homoeopathy approach

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The emergence of digital technology has done a metamorphic change in the entire lifestyle and livelihoods system. This technology has the potential to strengthen the process of financial inclusion and its impact as well. In India, self-help groups-led microfinance programmes have achieved significant success in financial inclusion, livelihoods promotion, and women empowerment. The recent upsurge in the usage of digital technology has been changing the whole self-help group movement and has vast potential to enhance the welfare of women's self-help groups in a variety of ways. This study examines the socio-technical transformation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in India, tracing their evolution from informal credit groups in the 1980s to digitized, enterprise-driven entities in 2026. Central to this transformation is Digital Literacy, which has evolved beyond basic smartphone usage into a tool for financial inclusion, market access, and social agency. By analysing flagship initiatives like NABARD's e-Shakti, Jharkhand's Tablet Didi, Kerala's Kudumbashree, and the Lakhpati Didi mission, the paper evaluates how digital tools have enhanced credit linkage (35% growth post-digitization) and transparency. While the "Phygital" model has empowered over 2 crore women to reach "Lakhpati" status, challenges such as the rural-urban connectivity divide, cyber-security fears among elderly members, and the high cost of data persist. The study concludes that digital literacy is the primary catalyst for transitioning rural women from subsistence-level livelihoods to formal enterprise ownership through platforms like SHE-Marts.

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 Keywords

Digital Literacy, SHGs, e-Shakti, Lakhpati Didi, Financial Inclusion, Socio-Technical Transformation, Rural Empowerment.

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Substance abuse among teenagers has emerged as a significant and growing public health concern worldwide. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage characterized by rapid physical, psychological, and social changes, making teenagers particularly vulnerable to experimenting with psychoactive substances. Commonly abused substances include alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, prescription medications, inhalants, and other illicit drugs. Early exposure to these substances increases the risk of addiction, mental health disorders, poor academic performance, and long-term health complications. Multiple factors contribute to substance abuse in teenagers, including peer pressure, family dysfunction, academic stress, mental health challenges, and increased exposure to substances through media and social environments. The misuse of substances during this developmental period can negatively impact brain development, impair decision-making abilities, and lead to risky behaviors such as unsafe sexual practices, violence, and criminal activity. Furthermore, substance abuse places a significant burden on families, healthcare systems, and society as a whole. Management of substance abuse in teenagers involves early identification, counseling, and strong family and community support. Open communication between parents and teenagers helps build trust and encourages adolescents to seek help without fear. Professional counseling and behavioral therapy are important to address underlying emotional or psychological issues linked to substance use.

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Substance abuse, peer pressure, WHO, UNODC

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Real-time multimodal data classification has become increasingly important in applications such as healthcare monitoring, intelligent surveillance, human activity recognition, and smart environments. However, effectively capturing both spatial and temporal dependencies from heterogeneous data sources remains a significant challenge. This paper proposes a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) framework for real-time multimodal data classification. The proposed model leverages CNN layers to extract high-level spatial features from input modalities such as images or sensor signals, while LSTM networks are employed to model temporal dependencies and sequential patterns within the data. A feature fusion mechanism is introduced to integrate multimodal representations, enabling robust and context-aware classification. The architecture is optimized for low-latency inference to support real-time deployment in edge-based systems. Extensive experiments are conducted on benchmark multimodal datasets to evaluate performance in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and computational efficiency. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid CNN-LSTM framework outperforms conventional single-model approaches, achieving improved classification accuracy while maintaining real-time processing capability. The proposed system shows strong potential for deployment in dynamic, real-world environments where multimodal data streams are continuously generated.

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Multimodal Data Classification, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Hybrid Deep Learning Model, Feature Fusion, Real-Time Processing, Temporal Modeling, Spatial Feature Extraction, Deep Learning, Edge Computing

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The adoption of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks in the Indian banking sector is vital for fostering sustainability and stakeholder trust. This research focuses on five top banks - State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, ICICI Bank, and Kotak Mahindra Bank - assessing the impacts and challenges faced by ESG practices. 315 employees, managers and customers were surveyed to compute the existence of ESG and in return its implications on Finance performance, Risk Management, and stakeholder sentiment. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is identified to find the relationship between the ESG dimension and the financial performance in order to know that the Governance practices lead positive straight line followed by Environmental and social dimension. It is proven that Cluster Analysis is applied to distinguish banks as high, moderate and low ESG adopters, and point out that there is very much stronger Private Banks lead on ESG adoption. Correlation Analysis also shows that strong positive correlation (r = 0.72, p < 0.01) is found with risk management and Multiple Linear Regression findings suggest that 10% increase in ESG scores end up leading to 5.3% increase in financial performance. To complement these findings, SWOT Analysis provides strategic insights into the strengths and weaknesses, its opportunities and prospects in addition to the threats it faces in the Receiver Status Marketplace. The report findings indicate that private banks are better placed for governance and environmental innovation, but in terms of social contribution, public banks are not to be under looked. However, lessons in terms of ESG training being unavailable, regulatory risks and high implementation prices stop broad implementation. The study finishes with practical suggestions, including increasing capacity for, reinforcing regulation of, and the application of ESG metrics in the allocation of lending to encourage sustainable finance. This research contributes to the growing tide of literature on ESG in Indian banking through provision of evidence-based analysis of its outcomes and challenges and recommendations for action on compliance with global ESG benchmarks. By the use of the state of the art statistical methods assures the robustness of results and offers a comprehensive framework for further researches on sustainable banking.

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ESG Frameworks, Indian Banking, Sustainable Finance, Governance, Risk mitigation.

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The marriage is an important sacred institution. The present paper endeavours to look into the marriage system prevalent in the Idu Mishmi society of Arunachal Pradesh. The paper intends to discuss the predicament prevalent in the marriage system and the changes that have affected it with the changing times. The paper finds that the marriage system in the tribal society of the one considered hereunder is unique in itself, going through varied rituals and taboos. Further, one also finds that the marriage system is one of the chief reasons for disputes in the society.

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Anna, Yaku Ango, Abeya, Idu Mishmi, Achimi

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Indigenous languages across Northeast India are increasingly facing challenges due to rapid socio-cultural change, educational mobility, and the growing dominance of lingua francas such as Hindi and English. The Galo language, spoken primarily in Arunachal Pradesh, represents an important cultural and linguistic heritage that is gradually experiencing reduced intergenerational transmission among younger speakers. This study examines the role of intergenerational language learning in preserving and documenting the Galo language. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study explores language use patterns within families and communities, the role of elders in language transmission, and the challenges faced by younger generations in maintaining linguistic continuity. The paper argues that intergenerational interaction remains one of the most effective mechanisms for sustaining indigenous languages, as it facilitates cultural transmission alongside linguistic learning. The study further highlights the importance of community participation, documentation initiatives, and educational support in strengthening language preservation efforts. The findings emphasize that language preservation is not merely a linguistic concern but a cultural and identity-based process that requires collaborative engagement between families, communities, and educational institutions.

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 Keywords

Galo Language; Language Preservation; Intergenerational Learning; Indigenous Languages; Language Documentation; Arunachal Pradesh; Language Shift

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The classical doctrine of Separation of Powers, once defined by the rigid tripartite division of Montesquieu, is undergoing a radical jurisprudential shift. In the current era (2026), the rise of the "Administrative State," the emergence of "Fourth Branch" integrity institutions, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into sovereign decision-making have blurred traditional lines. This article provides a jurisprudential analysis of how modern courts and legal theorists have moved from a formalist (strict separation) to a functionalist (checks and balances) approach. It examines the "Digital Separation of Powers," arguing that algorithmic transparency is the new frontier for judicial review. By analyzing contemporary case law and global constitutional trends, the study concludes that while the core objective--preventing tyranny--remains constant, the mechanisms of institutional friction must be recalibrated for a technocratic age.

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 Keywords

Separation of Powers, Jurisprudence, Fourth Branch Institutions, Algorithmic Governance, Functionalism vs. Formalism, Constitutionalism 2026, Administrative Law.

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