Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Urban transport plays a vital role in a city like Kochi which is major centre of trade and commerce in Kerala, the southernmost part of India. Since Kochi is regarded as one of the favourite destinations of the global tourists, the urban water transport can boost tourism industry as well as employment generation. The Ernakulam Boat Jetty serves as a major transport destination for urban water transport in the state of Kerala. It is connected to various popular heritage tourist destinations such as Mattancherry, Fort Kochi, Vypin and Willington Island. Based on primary data conducted among the passengers, the ferry transport saves money and time. Since the ferry pass through the beautiful backwaters of Kochi, it is entertaining for the tourists. This paper analyses the satisfaction level of passengers of boat transport regarding the facilities and services provided. The most noteworthy advantage for choosing ferry reported by the passengers was it is very cheap and time saving. Despite the availability of numerous private buses operating between Ernakulam and Fort Kochi, commuters prefer water transport as it is more economical and pollution controlled. Although these passengers are satisfied with the many facilities offered by the ferry system, there is a critical need for managing hygiene standards and safety protocols. In brief, safety measures and hygiene environment were grave concerns of boat passengers.

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 Keywords

Water transport, Passengers, Boat jetty

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Occupational Stress, Shirodhara, PSS-10, POMS-SF, Ayurveda

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial metabolic condition marked by sustained hyperglycaemia and widespread biochemical disturbances that influence multiple organ systems. Ongoing metabolic dysregulation in diabetes disrupts carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and is closely associated with increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Prolonged elevation of blood glucose enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), weakens endogenous antioxidant systems, and impairs mitochondrial function, ultimately leading to cellular and tissue injury. Physiological and biochemical stress significantly contributes to the onset and progression of diabetes by stimulating neuroendocrine responses, including elevated secretion of cortisol and catecholamines. These hormonal changes exacerbate insulin resistance and accelerate pancreatic ?-cell dysfunction. Variations in crucial biochemical indicators--such as increased lipid peroxidation, diminished antioxidant enzyme activity, accumulation of advanced glycation end products, and imbalances in stress-related hormones--play a central role in the development of chronic diabetic complications. These complications include neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases. A thorough understanding of the interrelationship between metabolic stress, oxidative damage, and biochemical alterations is vital for early detection and effective management of diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic strategies emphasizing optimal glycaemic regulation, stress management, antioxidant supplementation, and healthy lifestyle practices are essential in slowing disease progression and enhancing quality of life. Comprehensive analysis of these mechanisms offers valuable insights for the advancement of targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions in diabetes care.

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 Keywords

Diabetes mellitus; Stress; Biochemical changes; Hyperglycaemia; Insulin resistance; Oxidative stress; Inflammation; Neurohormonal dysregulation; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Sympathetic nervous system; Cortisol; Reactive oxygen species; Endothelial dysfunction; Metabolic stress; Cardiovascular complications

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This study examines how Northern Indian primary school students' mental health is affected by both academic pressure and sleep deprivation. High expectations from parents and schools, together with sleep deprivation, have been shown to have a substantial negative impact on children's psychological health, resulting in stress, worry, and in severe situations, mental breakdowns. Through secondary data gathered from peer-reviewed publications, government records, and surveys carried out in Northern Indian schools, this study determines the degree of academic pressure, the incidence of sleep deprivation, and the associated mental health problems. The results show a positive relationship between a higher risk of psychological distress, less sleep, and greater academic pressure. The report emphasises that in order to guarantee complete child development, educational reforms and parental awareness are necessary.

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 Keywords

Academic pressure, Sleep deprivation, Mental health, Primary children, Northern India

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Himachal Pradesh is one of the most species-rich regions of the Indian Himalaya and represents an important center of plant diversity. Despite its rich floristic wealth, several locally important plant species remain overlooked and insufficiently documented, particularly with regard to their traditional and ethnomedicinal significance. The present study explores the nature, status, and traditional utility of some underreported flora of Mandi district. Ethnobotanical investigations were carried out through systematic field surveys, open-ended interviews, and focused group discussions with tribal communities and traditional healers. A total of twenty-two overlooked plant species were documented for their therapeutic applications in treating ailments of both humans and livestock. Among the recorded species, Vitex negundo exhibited the highest use value, indicating its significant role in local healthcare practices. The findings highlight the urgent need for proper documentation, conservation strategies, and sustainable utilization of these lesser-known yet valuable plant resources to prevent further erosion of traditional knowledge and biodiversity.

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 Keywords

Conservation, Ethnobotany, Overlooked Flora, Himachal Pradesh, Mandi District, Use Value

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One of the most frequent and dangerous cybersecurity threats is the phishing attack, which involves deceiving the user via deceptive websites and spooge URLs to impersonate sensitive information, including logins, banking details, and personal information. Conventionally, rule-based detection systems are unable to detect newly developed and advanced phishing mechanisms. This paper provides a comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms effective for detecting phishing attacks. The study is aimed at deriving URL properties like URL length, special characters, number of dots, the use of HTTPS and properties related to the domain to differentiate websites into phishing and legitimate. Several algorithms of supervised learning, such as Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Naive Bayes, are used and tested in terms of the standard measures of performance, the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The experimental findings demonstrate both the advantages and shortcomings of all the models and the most effective algorithm to use in detecting phishing. The results indicate that machine learning methods can substantially increase the level of detection and serve to improve cybersecurity measures in the context of new types of phishing attacks.

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Phishing Detection, Machine Learning, URL Features, Classification Algorithms, Cybersecurity, Supervised Learning, Random Forest, Logistic Regression

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Abstract One essential element of Marx's critique of capitalism is his concept of alienation, which provides a thorough examination of the alienation people feel inside economic exploitation systems. In his early writings, particularly Marx defines alienation in the "Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844" as a circumstance when the employee is cut off from essential aspects of human existence due to the framework of capitalist production. The paper looks at how, under capitalism, labor - which ought to be a meaningful manifestation of human creativity - becomes an external, oppressive activity. Marx distinguishes several aspects of alienation: alienation from one's species-being, as productive activity loses its human and social character; alienation from labor's output, which is owned and managed by others alienation from the labour process, which is determined by outside forces; and alienation from other people, as social relations are mediated by competition and market exchange. The paper highlights that alienation is a structural and material phenomenon with roots in private property and class relations, rather than only a psychological experience. The article highlights how alienation represents the conflict between human potential and current social relations, placing Marx's argument philosophically within his larger materialist understanding of history. It makes the case that drastic economic system change, rather than personal adjustment, is necessary to overcome alienation. In the end, Marx's concept of alienation continues to be a potent framework for comprehending human freedom, identity, and labour in contemporary industrial and post-industrial cultures.

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Key words: Alienation, Labour, Capitalism, Species-Being, Exploitation.

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The development of a state or society is depending on the status of its women. The medieval society of Assam is an assimilation of many aryan and non-aryan societies. The present study tries to evaluate the socio-poitical status of women in medieval Assam. On the basis of secondary sources, the present study analysis about the role, participation and position enjoyed by women in Assam during medieval period.

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Women, Medieval, Economy, Polity, Education, Status.

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The Kebang institution of the Adi tribe in Arunachal Pradesh represents one of the most enduring forms of indigenous governance in Northeast India. Rooted in oral tradition, clan-based deliberation, and ecological ethics, the Kebang functions as a customary assembly regulating social order, dispute resolution, land management, and ritual practice. This study examines the historical evolution, structural organization, and contemporary functioning of the Kebang within the broader framework of legal pluralism and indigenous jurisprudence. Employing a qualitative research design grounded in historical-institutional analysis and recent regional scholarship, the paper situates the Kebang within theoretical debates on restorative justice, oral jurisprudence, and decentralized governance. The findings demonstrate that the Kebang operates not as a residual cultural relic but as a dynamic and adaptive normative order coexisting alongside statutory legal institutions. Its restorative orientation, consensus-based decision-making, and integration of law with ritual and ecological responsibility challenge dominant state-centric models of governance. At the same time, processes of modernization, constitutional discourse, and socio-political transformation introduce new questions regarding gender inclusion, jurisdictional coordination, and institutional reform. The study argues that recognizing indigenous institutions such as the Kebang is essential for understanding India's plural legal landscape and for developing culturally responsive governance frameworks in frontier regions.

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 Keywords

Adi tribe, Kebang, customary law, indigenous governance, oral tradition, Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) has evolved anesthetic practice, providing greater precision, efficacy, and safety compared to traditional landmark-based and nerve-stimulator techniques or methods. Compared to conventional landmark-based and nerve-stimulator techniques or approaches, ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) offers increased precision, efficacy, and safety, revolutionizing the practice of anesthesia. It providing real-time vision of nerves, needle placement, and local anesthetic dissemination, ultrasound plays a critical role in regional anesthesia, improving accuracy, safety, and efficacy. It seeing the surrounding structures, this technology helps guide the needle to the target nerve, prevents problems, and enables accurate local anesthetic application for a more successful block. It offering real-time visualization and guidance, ultrasonography significantly improves accuracy, safety, and efficacy in regional anesthesia

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ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia UGRA, nerve blocks NB, perioperative care PC, clinical outcomes CO

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