Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

The protection of the child against child pornography under Cameroonian cyber criminality law represents a critical and urgent area of legal research, focusing on the measures enacted to combat the proliferation of child pornography within the digital landscape of Cameroon. Child pornography, defined by the United Nations as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor, constitutes a grave violation of children's rights and dignity. Cyber criminality, or cybercrime, encompasses illegal activities executed through computer networks, highlighting the need for robust cyber law frameworks. Cameroonian cyber criminality law, particularly Law No. 2010/012 of 21 December 2010 on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, establishes comprehensive legal provisions to address such crimes. This research examines the efficacy and scope of these measures, scrutinizing the legislative tools and enforcement mechanisms designed to suppress child pornography. Key sections such as Article 75 of the aforementioned law explicitly criminalizes the production, distribution, and possession of child pornography, stipulating severe penalties to deter offenders. Through a detailed analysis of these legislative measures, the research aims to elucidate the effectiveness of Cameroonian legal responses in safeguarding children from exploitation in the cyber realm.

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Child, Pornography, cyber criminality Law.

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This paper analyses the economic and governance practices of Marathwada under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the 17th century, highlighting their role in maintaining regional economic stability. While existing studies focus on military strategy and political power, economic governance has received little attention. Using a qualitative historical-analytical approach, the study examines agriculture and land revenue, water management, handicraft production, forest control, trade, financial practices, and decentralized governance as interrelated aspects of governance. The concept of sustainability is applied heuristically to assess the long-term orientation of these practices without projecting modern frameworks. The analysis shows that flexible income policies, resource control, and support for local economic networks contributed to continuity and resilience in an ecologically constrained region.

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Shivaji Maharaj, Marathwada, economic governance, pre-modern India, agrarian administration, sustainability

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The current study examines the combined effects of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) and perceived social support on employee engagement in the banking sector in South Gujarat, India. Using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this research examines how employees' internal psychological resources (via PsyCap) and external social supports interact to build a committed and engaged workforce. Using a cross-sectional quantitative study design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 537 employees working for a mix of public, private, cooperative, and small finance banks. To test the proposed conceptual model, the researcher employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), using covariance-based SEM and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to assess measurement model issues. All hypothesized relationships were supported empirically; PsyCap had a strong positive direct effect on engagement (? = .327, p < .001). Perceived social support (PSS) partially mediated the relationship between PsyCap and employee engagement, indicating that psychological strength has a greater effect on engagement when there is a corresponding source of social support to draw upon. The predictive power of the structural model is moderate: it explains 49.2% (R2) of the variance in employee engagement and 60.2% (R2) of the variance in social support. From a practical standpoint, the results indicate the importance of integrating PsyCap and PSS as key elements of employee engagement in the banking sector of southern Gujarat.

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Employee Engagement, Psychological Capital, Social Support, PLS-SEM, Bank

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This review synthesises literature on the factors that influence sustainable entrepreneurship among beneficiaries of the Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP). Focusing on economic, institutional, individual, market, regional, social, and environmental determinants, the paper examines how these factors shape enterprise creation, survival, growth, and sustainability in rural India, with implications for PMEGP implementation. The review draws on government reports, programme documents, empirical studies, and conceptual works to identify patterns and recurring barriers such as limited credit access, inadequate training, weak market linkages, and infrastructural shortfalls that constrain long-term sustainability. It also highlights enabling conditions, including targeted subsidies, inclusive outreach, strong institutional coordination, and appropriate capacity-building. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to strengthen PMEGP's sustainability outcomes and proposes priority areas for future empirical research, including longitudinal evaluations, district-level comparative studies, and focused analyses of environmental sustainability within PMEGP-supported enterprises.

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PMEGP, sustainable entrepreneurship, rural enterprises, government employment programmes

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The advancement of autonomous systems has significantly enhanced modern defence technology, enabling safer and more efficient military operations. This project focuses on the design and implementation of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) that can operate autonomously in defence and surveillance environments. The proposed system utilizes a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ as the central processing unit, integrating ultrasonic sensors, motor drivers, and a Pi camera to achieve real-time environmental monitoring and obstacle detection. Through the implementation of computer vision and image processing techniques using OpenCV, the UGV is capable of identifying paths, avoiding obstacles, and navigating autonomously in dynamic environments. The system also allows for live video streaming, making it suitable for border surveillance, reconnaissance missions, and hazardous area monitoring where human access is limited or risky. Furthermore, the proposed UGV architecture emphasizes modularity and ease of expansion, allowing additional sensors such as GPS, infrared, gas sensors, or weapon detection modules to be integrated in future enhancements. This work lays a strong foundation for further research into advanced artificial intelligence algorithms, swarm robotics, and secure communication systems, contributing toward the development of next-generation autonomous ground systems for defence and security applications.

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Artificial Intelligence, Arduino Microcontroller, Raspberry Pi, GSM, Suspension System

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 Abstract

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bstract: Institutional autonomy and academic freedom are widely regarded as essential foundations for the development of effective, innovative, and globally competitive higher education systems. Together, they create an enabling environment for intellectual inquiry, pedagogical innovation, and high-quality research, thereby contributing to academic excellence and societal progress. Institutional autonomy empowers universities and colleges to independently design academic programs, manage administrative processes, and allocate financial resources in alignment with their strategic priorities. Academic freedom, on the other hand, safeguards the rights of faculty and students to engage in critical inquiry, open dialogue, and independent research without fear of external interference or censorship. In recent decades, higher education systems worldwide have experienced growing regulatory oversight, performance-based evaluation, and market-oriented reforms, which have intensified debates regarding the balance between autonomy, accountability, and governance. While regulatory mechanisms are necessary to ensure quality assurance, transparency, and public accountability, excessive control can restrict institutional flexibility and weaken the creative potential of academic communities. This study critically examines the conceptual foundations, historical development, and contemporary policy frameworks related to institutional autonomy and academic freedom, with particular emphasis on the Indian higher education context and relevant global perspectives. Key words: Institutional Autonomy, Academic Freedom, Knowledge Innovation, University Excellence.

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Institutional Autonomy, Academic Freedom, Knowledge Innovation, University Excellence.

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With more than 85% of today's network traffic encrypted using TLS/SSL, traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) fail to inspect encrypted packets and detect hidden threats. Attackers increasingly hide malware, botnets, ransomware, and command-and-control traffic inside encrypted channels. This paper presents a Real-Time AI Threat Detection Framework using a hybrid 1D-CNN + BiLSTM deep learning model to identify malicious encrypted traffic without decrypting it. The model analyzes metadata features such as packet lengths, inter-arrival times, TLS handshake behavior, flow statistics, and directional patterns. Experimental results on CIC-IDS-2018 and ISCX VPN datasets show an accuracy of 98.3%, outperforming classical ML models. The proposed system is scalable, privacy-preserving, and suitable for Zero Trust networks.

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Encrypted Traffic Analysis, Deep Learning, Intrusion Detection, CNN-LSTM, Network Security, Real-Time Threat Detection.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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India aims to become 'Viksit Bharat' - a developed and self-reliant nation by 2047. It envisions creating an equitable and developed society where every individual has equal opportunities and accessibility to resources. By inclusivity, it promotes empowerment of marginalized communities, including women. Whereas water, which is fundamental for living, is still under threat, making effective water governance crucial for sustainable development. To address this, the right to access clean drinking water is protected under the broad framework of the Right to Life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Various government programs have been implemented to mitigate the water security challenges. Among them, the Jal Jeevan Mission, launched by the Government of India in 2019, aims to provide functional household tap water connections in every rural household. As there seems to be a gendered division of labour around water, mostly in rural settings which reinforces systemic inequities, making women remain marginalized. The mission not only focuses on the service delivery parameters, but also puts great emphasis on reducing the age-old drudgery of fetching water by women from the remotest villages of India. The initiative has urged women to participate in water governance and take active roles in managing the working of the mission at the community levels. This paper will assess the impact of this flagship programme on inclusive development, with particular emphasis on women empowerment. The study contributes in understanding how a government-led water policy has its impact on bridging gender disparities, which ultimately supports India's broader goal of becoming a developed and self-reliant nation by 2047.

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Water governance, women empowerment, inclusive development, Viksit Bharat.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid proliferation of social networking sites (SNSs) has significantly transformed the daily lives of students, influencing not only their social interactions but also their overall well-being. This study examines the impact of social networking site usage on the mental, emotional, physical, and academic well-being of students, with a particular focus on patterns of usage and associated outcomes. A descriptive survey research design was employed, and data were collected from a sample of students using a structured questionnaire. The instrument measured frequency and duration of SNS usage, platform preference, and perceived effects across multiple well-being dimensions. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that excessive and prolonged use of social networking sites is associated with increased levels of mental fatigue, emotional stress, and reduced physical activity among students. Moderate negative relationships were observed between time spent on SNSs and indicators of academic concentration and productivity. Conversely, limited and purposeful use of social networking platforms demonstrated some positive effects, such as improved peer communication and access to academic resources. The results suggest that the impact of SNS usage on student well-being is not uniform but varies according to intensity, purpose, and individual engagement patterns. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on digital media and student well-being by providing empirical evidence from a student population and by adopting a multidimensional approach to well-being assessment. The findings underscore the need for awareness programs, digital literacy initiatives, and institutional guidelines to promote healthy and balanced social media usage among students. Future research may extend this work by employing longitudinal designs and incorporating qualitative perspectives to better understand long-term effects

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 Keywords

Social networking sites; Student well-being; Mental health; Emotional well-being; Academic performance; Digital media use; Social media impact.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition