Volume 13 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Kauthuvam or Kavithuvam or Kauttam is a prominent form in the present day Bharatanatya Margam. Earlier, this was a form that was a dedicated ritual composition performed by the traditional dancers in temples. For decades now, this form has evolved with inevitable modifications, alterations and innovations. This paper will focus on the musical aspects of this Bharatanatyam form and the historical perspective in the rendition through the years. Though there are many oral sources with regard to this subject, the study will deal with the few available textual sources in order to understand the historical development of the form. The structure of the Kauthuvam is generally a combination of solkattu syllables or the rhythmic syllables, that generally do not have any meaning and the meaningful sahitya part. The sahitya is generally in praise of a deities, King, patron and other specific themes. From the Bharatanatyam point of view, Kauthuvam is one of the invocatory compositions in present day margam. This form has a combination of both nrtta and abinaya components. The melodic structure, rhythmical components, distribution of the rhythmic syllables, text or the sahitya have scope for analytical study, so as to evaluate the significant changes that has been created in this dance form till date. The main objective of this paper shall be the musical components of the form Kauthuvam, based on the documentation available in various printed sources.

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 Keywords

kauthuvam, melody, raga, solkattu, structure, tala

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This paper investigates the evolution of Artha??stra discourse before Kautilya, challenging the perception that the tradition began solely with his treatise. While Kautilya's Artha??stra stands as the most comprehensive extant work on statecraft, economy, and governance, its roots lie in earlier intellectual traditions. The study traces the origin of Artha??stra to Vedic texts, where early concepts of polity, economics, and governance were structured within the Trivarga framework--Dharma, Artha, and K?ma. The Mahabharata also presents an alternative origin, attributing the first Dandan?ti to Brahma, which scholars like ?ankara, Indra, B?haspati, and U?anas later abridged. The paper highlights the contributions of pre-Kautilyan scholars such as ?ukra and B?haspati, whose works, ?ukran?tis?ra and B?haspatis?tra, significantly influenced Kautilya's synthesis. It further explores the debates surrounding the chronology of these texts, emphasizing how ancient socio-political realities shaped their ideologies. While ?ukran?tis?ra reflects a blend of political ethics and economic principles, B?haspatis?tra focuses on Dandan?ti and governance strategies. Ultimately, the study concludes that Artha??stra is not a singular creation but rather the culmination of centuries of intellectual discourse rooted in Indian knowledge systems. It argues for further critical examination of ancient texts to clarify the contributions and timelines of early scholars, reinforcing the understanding that the Artha??stra tradition is both ancient and dynamic, continuously evolving alongside societal needs and historical contexts.

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Pre- Kautilya Arthasastra discourses

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The main goal of this project is to provide a solar-powered charging station for urban people living in metropolitan areas. Better EV load estimates are created by taking into account the most popular commercial EV available. The suggested solar-powered charging station would be situated in specific urban areas and is based on the defined EV load models. In this study, a power board and the sun are used to charge an electric car's battery. The EV will use electricity off the power board in the event that the sun isn't accessible (during wintertime or during a storm, for example). This essay examines the effectiveness of electric vehicles in various electrical components and discusses the drawbacks and advantages of adopting them as a sensible first step toward a sustainable, eco-friendly, and effective system.

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EV battery, phase-locked loop detector (PLL) with PID control, buck converters with PI control, MPPT controller, PFC rectifier, and solar panel.

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This pilot study explores the challenges and opportunities in improving the work efficiency of primary school teachers in both government and non-government schools in Prayagraj. The study aims to identify the key obstacles teachers face in their professional roles and highlight potential strategies to enhance their efficiency. Through qualitative and quantitative research methods, data were collected from a diverse sample of teachers from both sectors, encompassing their perspectives on workload, resource availability, professional development, leadership support, and work-life balance. The findings reveal that teachers in government schools face significant challenges related to inadequate resources, heavy administrative workload, and lack of professional growth opportunities. These teachers also reported insufficient leadership support and limited opportunities for collaboration. Conversely, teachers in non-government schools experienced pressure related to performance targets, work-life imbalance, and the need for constant professional development. Both sectors highlighted the need for improved classroom resources and administrative support as key areas for improvement. Despite these challenges, the study also identified various opportunities for enhancing teacher efficiency. These included targeted professional development programs, better resource allocation, and increased leadership involvement in decision-making processes. Teachers expressed the need for a more supportive and collaborative work environment, with better recognition of their contributions. The study's findings have important implications for policymakers and school administrators, suggesting that improvements in teacher support, resource availability, and professional growth opportunities can significantly enhance teacher efficiency. The research highlights the importance of a holistic approach that includes policy reforms, community involvement, and administrative support to create a conducive teaching environment. Future research should focus on expanding the study's scope to include a larger sample and further investigate the impact of specific interventions on teacher performance.

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Primary school teachers, work efficiency, government schools, non-government schools, teacher challenges, teacher motivation, professional development.

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The area of Reinforcement Learning has witnessed various developments in the last decade. Various RL methods are being researched upon. In this paper, we will employ two of such methods namely Behaviour Cloning (BC) and Curriculum Learning. We will employ these methods to train AI Agents (Bots) to play our Game designed in Unity 3D Engine. By employing using various techniques, we hope to train these AL agents to a human level on this Game. The Game that we showcase is a Platformer, where the player has to get to a finish point somewhere on the map for its completion. We will also design various levels each with growing difficulty. Upon training completion, we will be utilizing the level with the greatest difficulty. Performance of every Agent will be evaluated based on various in game parameters.

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Reinforcement Learning, Game Agent, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), Unity 3D, Behaviour Cloning, Curriculum Learning, Game AI, Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning, AI Agent

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???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? (????, ????? ?? ????) ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? |

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???? ??????, ?????, ??????, ??????

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This pilot study explores the influence of socio-economic background and job stability on the work efficiency of primary school teachers in Prayagraj, India. With a focus on understanding how teachers' economic conditions and job security impact their performance, this research aims to provide insights into improving educational practices. The study examines various socio-economic factors such as income level, family support, and educational qualifications, alongside the type of employment (permanent vs. contractual) and its implications for job stability. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather comprehensive data. Statistical analysis reveals a significant correlation between job stability and work efficiency, with permanent teachers reporting higher productivity and motivation compared to their contractual counterparts. Furthermore, teachers from higher socio-economic backgrounds tend to exhibit greater job satisfaction and more effective teaching practices. In contrast, teachers facing economic challenges or job insecurity experience higher stress levels, leading to reduced teaching efficiency. This study highlights the importance of socio-economic support and job stability in enhancing the work performance of primary school teachers. It recommends policy interventions to provide more stable job opportunities for contractual teachers, along with socio-economic support for teachers from lower-income backgrounds. The findings contribute to the understanding of how external factors influence the educational outcomes in primary schools and offer valuable implications for educational policy and practice in similar socio-economic settings. Future research should focus on larger-scale studies and explore the impact of specific socio-economic variables on teacher efficiency across diverse regions.

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PILOT STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND AND JOB STABILITY ON WORK EFFICIENCY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF PRAYAGRAJ

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This abstract proposes an innovative approach to enhance the efficiency of Electric Vehicle (EV) power management systems through the integration of interleaved boost converters. By employing interleaved operation, this solution aims to address challenges associated with conventional power converters enabling improved energy utilization and overall system efficiency. The study investigates the performance gains achieved through interleaving in the context for EVs, emphasizing its potential for enhanced power delivery and reduced losses. The findings contribute valuable insights to the ongoing efforts in advancing power management solutions for electric vehicles, aligning with the broader goal of optimizing energy utilization in sustainable transportation.

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Two-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter, Electric vehicles, dc-dc converters

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This pilot study explores the role of professional development (PD) in enhancing the work efficiency of primary school teachers in Prayagraj. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of PD programs in improving teaching practices, classroom management, and overall work efficiency. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A survey of 50 primary school teachers was conducted, supplemented by interviews and focus group discussions to gather in-depth insights into teachers' experiences with PD programs. The findings reveal a positive correlation between PD participation and improvements in work efficiency, with 75% of teachers reporting better classroom management and student engagement. The data indicates that continuous PD, including workshops, peer learning, and technology-based training, significantly enhances teacher confidence and instructional quality. However, challenges such as time constraints, lack of resources, and insufficient follow-up support were identified as barriers to the full effectiveness of PD programs. The study concludes that PD plays a vital role in improving the work efficiency of primary school teachers. It recommends that educational authorities in Prayagraj invest in regular, context-specific PD programs, foster peer learning opportunities, and integrate technology-based training. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of providing ongoing support to teachers to ensure the effective implementation of new strategies. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of PD and to conduct larger-scale studies in other regions for a broader understanding of its impact.

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 Keywords

Professional development, teacher efficiency, primary school teachers, Prayagraj, teacher training, work efficiency, educational policy.

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