Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

In the present scenario, shopping in supermarkets and shopping malls has become a routine activity in everyday life. However, the traditional shopping system still follows a manual billing process which creates several difficulties for customers. Customers are required to select products, place them in a trolley, and finally wait in long queues at the billing counter for scanning, billing, and payment. This process is time consuming and causes inconvenience, especially during weekends and festival seasons. In addition, customers often find it difficult to keep track of their total expenditure while shopping, which may lead to budget mismanagement. To overcome these limitations, a Smart Shopping Trolley based on RFID technology is proposed. The main objective of this system is to automate the billing process and provide a smooth, efficient, and user-friendly shopping experience. When a customer places a product into the trolley, the RFID reader automatically scans the RFID tag without requiring line-of- sight. The scanned data is processed by the microcontroller, which retrieves the product details such as product name and price from its internal memory. These details are immediately displayed on the LCD screen mounted on the trolley. The final bill information, including product details and total cost, is stored in the microcontroller memory and wirelessly transmitted to the central billing system using ZigBee technology. This wireless data transfer eliminates the need for manual scanning at the billing counter and significantly reduces waiting time. As a result, customers can complete their shopping and payment process much faster compared to the conventional system. The proposed smart shopping trolley system not only reduces human effort and billing time but also improves accuracy and transparency in the shopping process. It helps customers manage their budget effectively and enhances overall customer satisfaction.

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 Keywords

RFID Technology, Smart Shopping Trolley, Automated Billing, Microcontroller, LCD Display, ZigBee Communication, Wireless Transmission, Retail Automation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

It is seen that Single Parenthood affects children on a variety of dimension for example, their psychosocial development, their self-esteem, stress, maladjustment in peer-relations etc. This study aims to measure the differences in children who come from broken homes as opposed to intact households on "attribution styles". A comparative cross-sectional design was used with 40 adolescents (20 from single-parent families and 20 from intact families), assessed using the Attribution Style Assessment Test and analyzed using matched-pairs t-tests. The results indicated negative attribution style on all 4 dimensions of globality, locus, control, stability.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Attribution style, single-parent children, Family structure,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Distracted and drowsy driving has turned into a serious safety problem in the world, with serious injuries and deaths occurring as a result. The drivers have a tendency to indulge themselves in risky behaviours like using the mobile phone, yawning, eating, drinking or checking other things besides the road hence, putting themselves at risk of accidents. A proposed paper is a Driver Dangerous Behaviour Detection System (based on an intelligent driver and dangerous behaviour detection system). It is made on Python, open CV, MediaPipe, and YOLO to track the driver behaviour on a web camera in real-time. MediaPipe Face Mesh identifies facial landmarks to identify how closed the eyes are, the rate of blinking, yawning and head position as a sign of drowsiness. YOLO singles out some of the distracting behaviours such as eating and using a mobile phone. In case of unsafe behaviour, real-time warnings and alarm notifications are produced to alert a driver. Remote monitoring is done by sending email notices to registered users using automated email. It is possible to integrate into Django web application to securely authenticate and maintain users. The solution suggested will offer a cost-efficient, low-cost and real-time safety system that enhances driver awareness, mitigates the risk of accidents, and adds to intelligent transportation systems.

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 Keywords

Driver Monitoring, Drowsiness Detection, YOLO, MediaPipe, Computer Vision, Deep Learning, OpenCV, Real-Time Detection, Driver Safety, Intelligent Transportation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Illness narratives have become central to literary and medical humanities scholarship, offering insight into how disease reshapes subjectivity, relationships, and ethical responsibility. Yet this field has largely privileged narratives of articulation--stories where illness speaks, reveals, or transforms--while marginalising experiences marked by exhaustion, incoherence, and silence. Terminal cancer, in particular, is frequently approached through metaphors of struggle, revelation, or dignity, leaving little room for forms of suffering that resist narrativisation. This paper argues that A Very Easy Death offers a crucial intervention by refusing interpretive mastery over terminal illness. Through its restrained depiction of cancer, caregiving, and counsel, the text foregrounds the suffering of caregivers and allows the dying patient's silences to remain ethically opaque. Drawing on illness narrative theory, feminist ethics of care, and critiques of metaphor, this paper proposes ethical restraint as a critical method--one that recognises when interpretation itself becomes a form of appropriation. Rather than reading silence as a sign to be decoded, the paper argues for attending to suffering as it is lived in everyday time, without forcing it into symbolic meaning.

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 Keywords

terminal cancer, silence, caregiving, illness narratives, ethical restraint, medical humanities

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The steady rise of women as decisive voters in Indian elections marks one of the most significant yet under-theorized transformations in contemporary democracy. Electoral patterns in Bihar (2025), Karnataka (2023), and states such as Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal demonstrate that women's turnout has not only increased but, in many regions, surpassed that of men. This paper argues that women's electoral behaviour represents a structural shift from identity-based vote bank politics to performance-oriented democratic evaluation grounded in lived experience. Drawing upon feminist political theory, participatory democratic models, and empirical electoral trends, the study conceptualizes this phenomenon as a "silent democratic restructuring." Women voters prioritize safety, economic autonomy, education, health, and dignity--issues that compel political parties to reconfigure policy agendas. The analysis situates this transformation within the constitutional vision articulated by B. R. Ambedkar and contemporary jurisprudential observations of the Supreme Court of India regarding substantive equality. The paper concludes that women's electoral agency is deepening Indian democracy by shifting its axis from symbolic representation to experiential justice.

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 Keywords

Women voters; Feminist political theory; Electoral democracy; Substantive equality; Bihar elections 2025; Karnataka elections 2023; Participatory democracy; Gendered citizenship; Welfare politics; Democratic transformation.

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This study examines the trends and structural composition of public expenditure in India from 2000-01 to 2025-26 using data from the Budget Documents of the Government of India. The analysis covers revenue expenditure, capital expenditure, total expenditure, defence spending, interest payments, and subsidies. The study further evaluates per capita expenditure growth and measures expenditure elasticity with respect to Net National Product (NNP) using the log-log (arc elasticity) approach. The findings indicate a substantial expansion in total expenditure over the study period, with notable acceleration during crisis periods such as the COVID-19 pandemic. While revenue expenditure continues to dominate the expenditure structure, capital expenditure has shown significant growth in recent years, reflecting a strategic shift toward infrastructure-led development. Elasticity estimates suggest that total and capital expenditures are income-elastic, indicating increasing fiscal responsiveness to economic growth. The study provides insights into evolving fiscal priorities and their implications for sustainable public finance management in India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Public Expenditure, Revenue Expenditure, Capital Expenditure, Fiscal Policy, Elasticity of Public Expenditure

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Akbar (1556-1605) was a prominent Mughal king of India, ascending to the throne at age 13 after his father, Humayun's death. His reign is characterized by the establishment of a stable and efficient administrative structure aimed at unifying India and promoting peaceful governance. Unlike his predecessors, Akbar exhibited remarkable religious tolerance, uplifting various faiths under his Muslim rule. He effectively abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims, thereby promoting justice and peace through his policy of Sulh-i-kul, which encouraged harmony among diverse religions such as Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Akbar's central government featured a distinct hierarchy with him at the apex, supported by capable officials. Key departments included the Diwan for revenue management, the Mir Bakshi for military and officer compensation, Sadr-us-Sudur for charitable matters, and the Wazir as chief minister, enabling efficient administration. A significant achievement was the Zabt revenue system, devised by Raja Todar Mal, which based taxation on the average crop yield over a decade and facilitated cash tax collection, benefiting farmers and state revenue alike. Furthermore, Akbar implemented the Mansabdari system to organize his army and bureaucracy, where Mansabdars held ranks according to their status and were responsible for maintaining a specified number of soldiers. The empire was divided into Subas (provinces) governed by Subedars, with further administrative divisions into Parganas and Sarkars, ensuring tight control from the central government and highlighting Akbar's effective administrative strategies.

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 Keywords

1.Sulh-i-Kul 2.Centralised Administration 3.Zabt System 4.Mansabdari System 5.Suba System

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Growing environmental awareness and health consciousness have significantly influenced consumer preferences in the food and beverage market. This study examines the factors influencing consumer adoption of green products in Coimbatore District. The research aims to identify the underlying determinants that drive consumers toward environmentally friendly food and beverage choices. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to consumers in selected urban areas. Factor analysis was employed as the primary statistical tool to identify and group the key influencing variables into meaningful dimensions. The results reveal that environmental concern, health consciousness, perceived product quality, social influence, and price sensitivity are the major factors shaping green product adoption. Among these, environmental and health-related considerations emerged as the most influential determinants. The findings provide valuable insights for marketers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to design effective strategies that promote sustainable consumption and enhance the market penetration of green products in the food and beverage sector.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Green Products, Consumer Adoption, Food and Beverage Market, Environmental Concern, Health Consciousness, Price Sensitivity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Nipah contagion( NiV) is a largely pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that's a member of the family * Paramyxoviridae * and rubric * Henipavirus *. First linked during an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998 - 1999, Nipah contagion has ago caused repeated outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in Bangladesh and India. The contagion is naturally harboured by fruit batons of the rubric * Pteropus *, which act as force hosts and transmit the contagion to humans either directly or through intermediate hosts similar as gormandizers or via defiled food sources. There have also been reports of mortal- to- mortal transmission, particularly in homes and healthcare installations. Clinically, Nipah contagion infections can beget anything from mild fever and no symptoms to severe encephalitis and acute respiratory torture, with case casualty rates ranging from 40 to further than 75. Viral entry through ephrin- B2 and ephrin- B3 receptors is part of the pathogenesis, which results in expansive endothelial infection, vasculitis, and involvement of the central nervous system. Treatment for Nipah contagion infection is still substantially probative as there's presently no approved vaccine or specific antiviral drug. nevertheless, preclinical exploration on monoclonal antibodies and experimental antivirals has produced encouraging issues. The World Health Organisation has designated the Nipah contagion as a precedence pathogen with epidemic eventuality due to its high mortality, eventuality for person- to- person transmission, and lack of effective treatment. To stop unborn outbreaks and lessen their impact on public health, it's essential to ameliorate surveillance, early opinion, infection control strategies, and public mindfulness.

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 Keywords

Nipah virus (NiV),Henipavirus , Zoonotic transmission , Pteropus fruit bats (reservoir host) ,Acute encephalitis syndrome,High case fatality rate & epidemic potential

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This study explores the investor's perceptions towards the sustainable investment practice. Data was gathered from 109 respondents through online survey using a simple random sampling technique. Th[JM1.1]e study was mainly conducted to gather data on investor demographics, general perceptions of sustainability in investments and the Environmental, Social and G[JM2.1]overnance factor that influences the perception of investors about sustainable investment. Statistical analysis techniques such as Chi-square tests and Kruskal Wallis test were employed to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal that a maximum of respondents suggest that sustainability is important when choosing their investments. The study concludes that the challenges for sustainable investment nowadays are the insufficient knowledge regarding sustainable investment among the investors. Therefore, for the development in sustainable investment, measures are to be taken like conducting awareness among the investors about the sustainable investment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sustainable Investment, Investor's perceptions, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition