Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Distracted and drowsy driving has turned into a serious safety problem in the world, with serious injuries and deaths occurring as a result. The drivers have a tendency to indulge themselves in risky behaviours like using the mobile phone, yawning, eating, drinking or checking other things besides the road hence, putting themselves at risk of accidents. A proposed paper is a Driver Dangerous Behaviour Detection System (based on an intelligent driver and dangerous behaviour detection system). It is made on Python, open CV, MediaPipe, and YOLO to track the driver behaviour on a web camera in real-time. MediaPipe Face Mesh identifies facial landmarks to identify how closed the eyes are, the rate of blinking, yawning and head position as a sign of drowsiness. YOLO singles out some of the distracting behaviours such as eating and using a mobile phone. In case of unsafe behaviour, real-time warnings and alarm notifications are produced to alert a driver. Remote monitoring is done by sending email notices to registered users using automated email. It is possible to integrate into Django web application to securely authenticate and maintain users. The solution suggested will offer a cost-efficient, low-cost and real-time safety system that enhances driver awareness, mitigates the risk of accidents, and adds to intelligent transportation systems.

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 Keywords

Driver Monitoring, Drowsiness Detection, YOLO, MediaPipe, Computer Vision, Deep Learning, OpenCV, Real-Time Detection, Driver Safety, Intelligent Transportation.

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Illness narratives have become central to literary and medical humanities scholarship, offering insight into how disease reshapes subjectivity, relationships, and ethical responsibility. Yet this field has largely privileged narratives of articulation--stories where illness speaks, reveals, or transforms--while marginalising experiences marked by exhaustion, incoherence, and silence. Terminal cancer, in particular, is frequently approached through metaphors of struggle, revelation, or dignity, leaving little room for forms of suffering that resist narrativisation. This paper argues that A Very Easy Death offers a crucial intervention by refusing interpretive mastery over terminal illness. Through its restrained depiction of cancer, caregiving, and counsel, the text foregrounds the suffering of caregivers and allows the dying patient's silences to remain ethically opaque. Drawing on illness narrative theory, feminist ethics of care, and critiques of metaphor, this paper proposes ethical restraint as a critical method--one that recognises when interpretation itself becomes a form of appropriation. Rather than reading silence as a sign to be decoded, the paper argues for attending to suffering as it is lived in everyday time, without forcing it into symbolic meaning.

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 Keywords

terminal cancer, silence, caregiving, illness narratives, ethical restraint, medical humanities

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The steady rise of women as decisive voters in Indian elections marks one of the most significant yet under-theorized transformations in contemporary democracy. Electoral patterns in Bihar (2025), Karnataka (2023), and states such as Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal demonstrate that women's turnout has not only increased but, in many regions, surpassed that of men. This paper argues that women's electoral behaviour represents a structural shift from identity-based vote bank politics to performance-oriented democratic evaluation grounded in lived experience. Drawing upon feminist political theory, participatory democratic models, and empirical electoral trends, the study conceptualizes this phenomenon as a "silent democratic restructuring." Women voters prioritize safety, economic autonomy, education, health, and dignity--issues that compel political parties to reconfigure policy agendas. The analysis situates this transformation within the constitutional vision articulated by B. R. Ambedkar and contemporary jurisprudential observations of the Supreme Court of India regarding substantive equality. The paper concludes that women's electoral agency is deepening Indian democracy by shifting its axis from symbolic representation to experiential justice.

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 Keywords

Women voters; Feminist political theory; Electoral democracy; Substantive equality; Bihar elections 2025; Karnataka elections 2023; Participatory democracy; Gendered citizenship; Welfare politics; Democratic transformation.

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This study examines the trends and structural composition of public expenditure in India from 2000-01 to 2025-26 using data from the Budget Documents of the Government of India. The analysis covers revenue expenditure, capital expenditure, total expenditure, defence spending, interest payments, and subsidies. The study further evaluates per capita expenditure growth and measures expenditure elasticity with respect to Net National Product (NNP) using the log-log (arc elasticity) approach. The findings indicate a substantial expansion in total expenditure over the study period, with notable acceleration during crisis periods such as the COVID-19 pandemic. While revenue expenditure continues to dominate the expenditure structure, capital expenditure has shown significant growth in recent years, reflecting a strategic shift toward infrastructure-led development. Elasticity estimates suggest that total and capital expenditures are income-elastic, indicating increasing fiscal responsiveness to economic growth. The study provides insights into evolving fiscal priorities and their implications for sustainable public finance management in India.

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 Keywords

Public Expenditure, Revenue Expenditure, Capital Expenditure, Fiscal Policy, Elasticity of Public Expenditure

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Akbar (1556-1605) was a prominent Mughal king of India, ascending to the throne at age 13 after his father, Humayun's death. His reign is characterized by the establishment of a stable and efficient administrative structure aimed at unifying India and promoting peaceful governance. Unlike his predecessors, Akbar exhibited remarkable religious tolerance, uplifting various faiths under his Muslim rule. He effectively abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims, thereby promoting justice and peace through his policy of Sulh-i-kul, which encouraged harmony among diverse religions such as Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Akbar's central government featured a distinct hierarchy with him at the apex, supported by capable officials. Key departments included the Diwan for revenue management, the Mir Bakshi for military and officer compensation, Sadr-us-Sudur for charitable matters, and the Wazir as chief minister, enabling efficient administration. A significant achievement was the Zabt revenue system, devised by Raja Todar Mal, which based taxation on the average crop yield over a decade and facilitated cash tax collection, benefiting farmers and state revenue alike. Furthermore, Akbar implemented the Mansabdari system to organize his army and bureaucracy, where Mansabdars held ranks according to their status and were responsible for maintaining a specified number of soldiers. The empire was divided into Subas (provinces) governed by Subedars, with further administrative divisions into Parganas and Sarkars, ensuring tight control from the central government and highlighting Akbar's effective administrative strategies.

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 Keywords

1.Sulh-i-Kul 2.Centralised Administration 3.Zabt System 4.Mansabdari System 5.Suba System

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Growing environmental awareness and health consciousness have significantly influenced consumer preferences in the food and beverage market. This study examines the factors influencing consumer adoption of green products in Coimbatore District. The research aims to identify the underlying determinants that drive consumers toward environmentally friendly food and beverage choices. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to consumers in selected urban areas. Factor analysis was employed as the primary statistical tool to identify and group the key influencing variables into meaningful dimensions. The results reveal that environmental concern, health consciousness, perceived product quality, social influence, and price sensitivity are the major factors shaping green product adoption. Among these, environmental and health-related considerations emerged as the most influential determinants. The findings provide valuable insights for marketers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to design effective strategies that promote sustainable consumption and enhance the market penetration of green products in the food and beverage sector.

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 Keywords

Green Products, Consumer Adoption, Food and Beverage Market, Environmental Concern, Health Consciousness, Price Sensitivity.

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Nipah contagion( NiV) is a largely pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that's a member of the family * Paramyxoviridae * and rubric * Henipavirus *. First linked during an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998 - 1999, Nipah contagion has ago caused repeated outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in Bangladesh and India. The contagion is naturally harboured by fruit batons of the rubric * Pteropus *, which act as force hosts and transmit the contagion to humans either directly or through intermediate hosts similar as gormandizers or via defiled food sources. There have also been reports of mortal- to- mortal transmission, particularly in homes and healthcare installations. Clinically, Nipah contagion infections can beget anything from mild fever and no symptoms to severe encephalitis and acute respiratory torture, with case casualty rates ranging from 40 to further than 75. Viral entry through ephrin- B2 and ephrin- B3 receptors is part of the pathogenesis, which results in expansive endothelial infection, vasculitis, and involvement of the central nervous system. Treatment for Nipah contagion infection is still substantially probative as there's presently no approved vaccine or specific antiviral drug. nevertheless, preclinical exploration on monoclonal antibodies and experimental antivirals has produced encouraging issues. The World Health Organisation has designated the Nipah contagion as a precedence pathogen with epidemic eventuality due to its high mortality, eventuality for person- to- person transmission, and lack of effective treatment. To stop unborn outbreaks and lessen their impact on public health, it's essential to ameliorate surveillance, early opinion, infection control strategies, and public mindfulness.

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 Keywords

Nipah virus (NiV),Henipavirus , Zoonotic transmission , Pteropus fruit bats (reservoir host) ,Acute encephalitis syndrome,High case fatality rate & epidemic potential

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study explores the investor's perceptions towards the sustainable investment practice. Data was gathered from 109 respondents through online survey using a simple random sampling technique. Th[JM1.1]e study was mainly conducted to gather data on investor demographics, general perceptions of sustainability in investments and the Environmental, Social and G[JM2.1]overnance factor that influences the perception of investors about sustainable investment. Statistical analysis techniques such as Chi-square tests and Kruskal Wallis test were employed to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal that a maximum of respondents suggest that sustainability is important when choosing their investments. The study concludes that the challenges for sustainable investment nowadays are the insufficient knowledge regarding sustainable investment among the investors. Therefore, for the development in sustainable investment, measures are to be taken like conducting awareness among the investors about the sustainable investment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sustainable Investment, Investor's perceptions, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)

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This paper will compare and contrast the legislation concerning abortion in India as well as ''paper abortion'' in Denmark. Abortion laws differ in the social, political, cultural and healthcare system between the two countries Due to socio-political and cultural beliefs in India abortion laws are more conservative while the liberal policies adopted in Denmark led to the liberalization of abortion laws Even though India legalized abortion through the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in 1971, majority of the women still do not have access to safe abortion services, especially in rural areas, hence practicing 'paper abortion' which means that they drop out of the formal health care system to seek safe abortion common in India. While Denmark had passed the abortion act in 1973, it permits the women to opt for abortion service up to a period of 12 weeks without much formalities. The paper outlines the legal concerns, social norms, and health care that has facilitated the paper abortions in India and compares it with Denmark where abortion process is relatively clear and easy. Analyzing these disparities, the study reveals the obstacles that both countries have to overcome to achieve reproductive justice and calls for legal and health system transformation. It would be equally important for each country's authorities and policymakers to incorporate and apply the lessons from this comparative analysis in attempts to enhance their own national and international reproductive health care policies and practices.

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 Keywords

MTP, paper abortion, India, Denmark, comparative.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper attempts to study the adjustment of prospective teachers as related to their self-efficacy and certain socio demographic variables in Himachal Pradesh. The sample included 700 prospective teachers of Himachal Pradesh by employing random sampling techniques. Data were collected from B.Ed Colleges by using standardized questionnaire. The tool used for 'Teachers adjustment inventory scale' was developed by Singh and Sinha 2018. The Findings reveals that there is significant difference in adjustment of prospective teachers with respect to their gender. Likewise, female prospective teachers have better adjustment as compared to Male prospective teachers. Further, suggestions are also made in this paper.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Adjustment, Self- efficacy, Prospective teachers, Gender.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition