Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Within biophysical framework, plant growth and yield formation are traditionally explained through biochemical regulation, gene expression, and metabolic allocation. However, these processes operate within an unavoidable physical boundary condition: accumulated biological mass must be stabilized under persistent gravitational loading within confined architectures such as cell walls, seed coats, vascular bundles, and canopy-soil interfaces. This manuscript reformulates intrinsic gravitation as a structural constraint rather than a force competing with metabolism. Intrinsic gravitation refers to mass-dependent internal loading that arises as biomass accumulates within bounded plant structures. Extrinsic gravitation denotes the persistent Earth gravitational field that establishes vertical reference and hydrostatic baseline. Conceptual continuity is drawn from stellar hydrostatic equilibrium and geophysical isostatic balance as archetypes of mass-pressure stabilization. A compact balance framework unifies hydrostatic, osmotic, elastic, and active stresses in negotiating gravitational loading. The framework is applied across plant phenomena: cellular densification preceding expansion; seed germination as confinement-threshold release; vascular transport as a pressure-mass continuum; root-shoot allocation as compensatory stabilization; stand density and self-thinning as mass-stability scaling; pressure-state modulation of plasmodesmata and sieve tubes; rhythmic growth as mass-pressure oscillation; yield-component compensation; and age-dependent decline in relative growth rate. By repositioning gravity as a structural boundary condition rather than an energetic driver, this work proposes architectural continuity across astrophysical accretion, geophysical stabilization, and plant structural scaling.

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Intrinsic gravitation; agriculture; hydrostatic equilibrium; osmotic-elastic coupling; turgor mechanics; seed germination; phloem pressure-flow; xylem hydraulics; plant allometry; metabolic scaling; stand density; self-thinning; yield compensation; mechanobiology; mass-stability scaling.

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Environmental marketing (popularly known as Green marketing) refers to the process of selling products and/or services based on their environmental benefits. Such a product or service may be eco-friendly in it or produced and/or packaged in an environmental friendly way. There were three long phases in the evolution of the much glorified green marketing. The first phase was known as the ecological phase. The second phase was called the environmental phase. The third phase is termed as the sustainable phase. Unfortunately, green marketing approach is largely used as a publicity stunt by the corporate houses in order to make a difference in the consumer's point of view. To avoid green marketing short-sightedness, the future success of product dematerialization and more sustainable services will depend on convincingly communicating and delivering consumer-desired worth in the marketplace.

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Green Marketing, Ecological, Sustainable, Marketplace.

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 Abstract

The main aim of our study is the incorporation of polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles containing Lovastatin into transdermal patches. In our study, Lovastatin was selected because it possesses the ideal characteristics that a drug should have for formulating into a transdermal drug delivery system that includes high lipid solubility, low molecular mass, effective in low plasma concentration as well as a high degree of first pass metabolism. The aim of our study mainly supports for the prevention of first pass metabolism and achieve the controlled release. By using various phosphate buffer solutions, solubility studies were conducted and based upon their results phosphate buffer of pH 6.8with 1% Tween 20 was selected as a medium for invitro studies. By using FT-IR, compatibility studies were performed between the drug Lovastatin and excipients used in the formulation. In the nano particulated formulation there was no interaction between the drug and the excipients was shown by the compatibility studies. Solvent evaporation method was employed for the preparation of PLNs by using Chitosan, PLA, and PCL as polymers. Micro emulsion technique was employed for the preparation of SLNs by using Stearic acid, cholesterol and Glyceryl mono stearate as lipids. The prepared PLNs (SP1 to SP12) and SLNs (SL1 to SL6) formulations were evaluated in case of various parameters like morphology, particle size, zeta potential, PDI and invitro drug release and the results of the above parameters were observed to be in the desired range. With different concentrations of HPMC, the formulations SP4 and SL6 were selected and incorporated into transdermal patch. Evaluation for the various parameters was done for the prepared patches (TPN1toTPN3and SLNP1toSLNP3) and the results were recorded individually. Based on the results obtained TPN1 and SLNP2 were selected for formulating the transdermal patches by incorporating different permeation enhancers. Evaluation was done for the transdermal formulations (PLP1 to PLP12 and SLP1 toSLP12) and the results were recorded individually. PLP12 (Span 80 as permeation enhancer) and SLP9 (DMSO as permeation enhancer) were observed to be the best formulation and were selected and subjected to in vivo analysis separately and were compared with and without permeation enhancers patches. These final patches showed a significant decrease in the serum cholesterol, LDL, VLDL & triglycerides levels and have increased the HDL and total protein levels significantly.

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Lovastatin, triglycerides, zeta potential, serum cholesterol.

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Abstract: In the coming years, advertisers are expected to shift and spend millions in internet advertising than, print ads, TV and other traditional advertising media. With the rapid growth in technology, the internet is becoming a very important one stop point for the consumers in solving most of their needs. Be it entertainment, communication, information search shopping, internet serves as a platform for all their requirements. Every day, many of the consumers are online for their personal work, but whether they notice the advertisements, banners displayed on that webpage, and most important their recall value is a matter to be checked out. The current study investigated the effectiveness of Internet advertising on Consumer behavior by conducting a study among consumers in Kannur district in Kerala. The study intended to determine the effectiveness of internet advertising on a reach. It also aimed at determining the relationship between internet advertising and purchase decision. The target population was the consumers from different parts of Kannur district in the state of Kerala. The study used stratified sampling technique to select 50 respondents. The primary data was collected using a well drafted questionnaire. Later it was analysed through means, percentages, frequencies and standard deviations. The study found that due to diverse usage internet advertising was effective on reach and creation of awareness, and established that internet has a wide scope in marketing products. Internet advertising has significant relationship with purchase decision of the consumers and therefore is a key determinant in influencing consumer behaviour. The study determined that there is a positive relationship between consumer purchase decision and internet advertising.

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Internet advertising, World wide Web, Marketing

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Abstract Due to rapidly changing business environment, the organization are notable to provide secure employment and that is why the attitudes and values of people in work are also changing and they are less willing to display unconditional commitment to the organization and as noted by Guest, 2002, the decline of work as central life interest along with conflicting demands of work results in an imbalance between work and rest of life. The attitude towards life too is rapidly changing among the youth today. They believe in working hard and partying harder. They like to travel, socialize, pursue hobbies, take up adventure sports etc. When they do not get time for these activities, they are gripped by frustration and unhappiness.

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Conflict, Stress, Job Performance and Difficulties

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Contemporary e-commerce systems still have to struggle with issues of fake products, insufficient transparency of logistics and the inability to provide verifications of the authenticity of products on the level of consumers. The traditional supply chain systems are based on centralized databases, which can be manipulated, limited in the process of auditability, and cannot reliably provide end users with provenance information. The SmartTrace framework proposed presents a customer-centric and decentralized approach to solving the problem by incorporating the lifecycle tracking of products into the blockchain, the QR-enabled verification, and the AI-based narrative generation. Product events are safely stored in Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, which enable state transitions that are impossible to alter and are controlled by roles by different manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and consumers. IPFS is also used to store sensitive metadata of products, images and tracking summaries to ensure scalability and data integrity. On-chain events in the form of structured event streams are also converted into product journey narratives that can be read by humans by a generative AI component to make usable and transparent to non-technical users. QR scanning allows consumers to verify products by accessing blockchain-based provenance and AI-generated provenance to obtain timelines via a Web3 interface. The introduced prototype proves to be reliable in traceability, tamper-resistant history information and better supply chain visibility, defining an effective way in advancing trust, transparency, and anti-counterfeiting aspects in the contemporary e-commerce settings.

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Blockchain traceability, Supply chain transparency, QR verification, Generative AI, Smart contracts, IPFS

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This study examines the transformation of Yeong-hye in Han Kang's The Vegetarian by reading her bodily withdrawal as a form of hyperreal mediation rather than as a purely psychological or pathological condition. Although earlier criticism has largely approached the novel through feminist or psychoanalytic frameworks, this paper places it within a broader conversation between literary analysis and media theory. Drawing on Jean Baudrillard's account of hyperreality and Laura Mulvey's theory of the male gaze, the analysis suggests that Yeong-hye's rejection of food and social norms gradually becomes a mediated spectacle. Her experience is shaped, in particular, by the brother-in-law's voyeuristic attention and his visual recording of her body, through which her lived presence is displaced by a reproducible image. Ecofeminist perspectives, especially those of Gaard and Plumwood, further clarify how this withdrawal can be read as a resistance to patriarchal forms of control that reduce the female body to an object of use and display. At the same time, the paper argues that Yeong-hye's final silence and physical refusal reveal the limits of hyperreal capture. Even within systems of intense mediation, her embodied resistance asserts a form of phenomenological autonomy, challenging the dominance of visual and digital representations over lived experience.

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hyperreality and simulacra, digital gaze, mediated body, male gaze, vegetal metamorphosis

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Abstract: o Introduction: According to Acharya Sushruta, Karnanada is one of the Karnagata Roga explained in Shalakya Tantra. Vata dominant Tridosha along with Rakta presents as the chief pathological factors in the case of Karnanada. Karnanada can be correlated with tinnitus. It is the condition in which there is a perception of sound that appears to originate in the head in the absence of external stimuli. o Main clinical finding: A 66-year-old male patient had been experiencing symptoms of ringing sound in his left ear for 7 days. o Diagnosis: In this case, a 66-year-old male patient approached OPD No.5 of D. Y. Patil Ayurvedic hospital, Shalakya tantra department, Navi Mumbai, experiencing following complaints as Ringing sound in left ear for 7 days. History of decreased hearing for 1 year. No any history of systemic disease. No abnormality present on local examination of external ear. o Interventions: Karnapurana with Bilwadi taila, Vidhhakarma and an Ayurvedic medication (sarivadi vati,Sukshma triphala, saraswatarishta) were used in this study for one months. o Discussion: Karnanada is a Madhyama marga gata Vatavyadhi in which prakupita vata dosha settles in Shabdavaha Shrotas as a result of Vimargagamana. Hence the drugs need to have vatahara properties in order to normalize vitiated vata dosha. Snehana is described as an important procedure in treatment of vata dosha. o Conclusion: Hence it can be said that Ayurvedic medicine and procedures can be useful in the management of Karnanada (tinnitus).

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o Keywords: Karnapurana, Bilwadi taila, Vidhhakarma, sarivadi vati, Sukshma triphala, saraswatarishta

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Gender inequality continues to be a major concern in India despite constitutional guarantees and various policy initiatives. Modern-day problems such as inequality in education, economic inequality, and violence against women are embedded in the history of India. This research explores the modern-day gender issues in India and their historical background. This research uses secondary sources such as literature, history, and policy documents to understand how the social, cultural, and institutional structures have influenced gender relations in different periods of history. This research highlights the significance of understanding the historical context of gender inequality to address modern-day issues and achieve gender justice in contemporary India.

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Gender inequality, Gender roles, Patriarchy, Historical roots

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Attendance management is a fundamental aspect of educational institutions for monitoring student performance and maintaining official records. Traditional manual methods, such as roll calls and paper registers, are increasingly viewed as inefficient due to significant time consumption and susceptibility to human error or proxy attendance. While various automated solutions like biometric scanners and QR codes have emerged, they often necessitate expensive hardware, consistent internet connectivity, and physical contact. To address these limitations, this research proposes an automated face recognition attendance system designed for both offline and online functionality. Utilizing a standard laptop camera, the system performs real-time face detection while incorporating anti-spoofing measures to prevent deception via photographs or digital screens. Data is stored locally to ensure operational continuity in areas with poor network coverage and is synchronized with the cloud once a connection is established. Furthermore, the integration of a GSM gateway allows the system to send automated SMS notifications to parents regarding student absences without relying on the internet. This approach provides a secure, cost-effective, and hygienic solution for attendance tracking in diverse environments.

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Attendance management, real-time face recognition, GSM gateway, SMS

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition