Volume 13 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

India's subregional connectivity strategies have emerged as a pivotal component of its foreign policy, shaping regional geopolitics and economic integration. With initiatives like the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) and the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) framework, India seeks to enhance trade, infrastructure, and people-to-people linkages. These initiatives aim to counterbalance China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) while fostering regional cooperation and sustainable development. However, geopolitical challenges, infrastructural bottlenecks, and political dynamics within neighboring countries continue to influence the implementation of these strategies. This paper analyzes India's vision for subregional connectivity, its progress in execution, and the broader geopolitical ramifications for South Asia.

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 Keywords

Subregional Connectivity, BIMSTEC, BBIN, Geopolitics, Regional Cooperation

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Agriculture loans are essential for farmers, providing the financial resources needed for crop production, equipment purchase, and other farming activities. However, repaying these loans often presents significant challenges, especially in developing countries. Factors such as unpredictable weather conditions, fluctuating market prices, and inadequate access to modern technology can lead to poor crop yields and reduced income, making it difficult for farmers to meet their loan obligations. Additionally, many farmers lack the financial literacy needed to manage loans effectively, often resulting in poor financial decisions, over-borrowing, and high debt burdens. The role of financial education is crucial in addressing these challenges. By equipping farmers with the knowledge and skills to make informed financial decisions, financial education can help them better understand loan terms, manage their resources more efficiently, and develop repayment strategies that align with their income cycles. It can also raise awareness of alternative financing options, such as crop insurance, which can mitigate risks associated with loan repayment. Ultimately, financial education empowers farmers to take control of their financial futures, reducing the likelihood of loan defaults and contributing to the overall stability of the agricultural sector. Effective financial literacy programs, tailored to the needs of rural communities, are essential in ensuring sustainable agricultural development.

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 Keywords

Agricultural loans, Loan repayment challenges, Education levels, Cooperative bank, Financial literacy, Farmers' financial behaviour, Rural credit access, Loan default rates, Agricultural financing and Financial inclusion

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Mulshi Taluka, located in the Pune district of Maharashtra, is renowned for its rich biodiversity and agricultural significance. This paper explores the diverse flora and fauna of the region, focusing on cultivation practices, environmental challenges, and sustainable solutions. The study highlights the impact of deforestation, climate change, and human intervention on the local ecosystem and provides recommendations for conservation and sustainable development.

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Biodiversity; Deforestation; Mulshi

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Self-efficacy, which is the belief in one's own ability to succeed in particular activities, is a critical component of academic achievement, especially in higher educational settings. This investigation explores how self-efficacy affects learning outcomes and the relationship between academic achievement and self-efficacy among university students. Students' academic records and standardized self-efficacy questionnaires were used in a mixed-methods approach to gather data. The results show that academic performance and self-efficacy is significantly positively correlated, suggesting that students who have higher levels of self-efficacy typically earn higher grades. The study also emphasizes how study habits, motivation, and resilience operate as mediating variables in this relationship. According to the conclusions, in order to encourage student success, institutions should incorporate self-efficacy-enhancing techniques like goal-setting, mentorship programs, and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Longitudinal effects and cultural differences in the development of student self-efficacy in varied populations should be investigated in future studies.

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Self-efficacy, academic achievement, higher education, student performance, motivation.

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In the present investigation a total 30 linseed genotypes including released varieties were evaluated during Rabi 2022-2023 at C.S.A Agriculture Research Station, Kanpur, U.P for understanding genetic diversity for grain yield and its component traits using principal component analysis. Study of genetic diversity is the process by which physiological data, agronomic performance data, biochemical data, and variation among individuals or groups of individuals more recently molecular (DNA-base) data. Genetic analysis can be assessed using morphological characteristics and or molecular markers. The availability of several DNA marker has increased the efficiency of genetic diversity analysis as they are reliable and unaffected by environmental factors. Genetic diversity is important because it helps species adapt to environmental changes, which can help them survive. It also helps to prevent inbreeding and disease epidemics. Genetic diversity helps plant breeders to develop new improved cultivars with desirable characteristics. Genetic diversity helps to develop climatic - resilient varieties. Thirty genotypes were grouped into six cluster. Cluster I constituted maximum number of genotypes followed by cluster III, Cluster II, Cluster V, Cluster IV and Cluster VI. Suggested that the genotypes from these cluster may use hereafter be as a parent for future hybridization programme to obtain heterotic recombinants or even transgressive segregants.

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Genetic diversity, linseed, cluster and transgressive segregants.

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Kanpur is the largest city for tanning industries and manufacture for leather and major contributor of country's finance and supply leather good for millions of people. The valley experiment was conducted during the year 2024-2025 in different sites of district Kanpur, U.P. We aimed to study the physical and chemical properties in industrial soil. We collected 15 soil samples from different sites of industrial soil. The soil samples were analysed for their physical and chemical properties. Soil sample were collected from different depth at 0-30cm, 30-60cm and 60-90cm. The result declared that soil colour varied different in dry and wet condition. The texture was soil is mainly sand, Loam, alluvial, laterite and clay. Chemical properties that pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon. The pH range is 0.80 - 8.0 and EC found range 0.65 - 0.90 ds/m, while organic carbon was ranged from 0.43-0.71%. The study exhibit the physical and chemical properties of Kanpur U.P., India.

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Industrial, finance, pH, electrical conductivity, Organic carbon and soil texture.

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In today's technologically driven world, certain communities continue to be marginalized. This study examines the socio-cultural dimensions and development of the Paniya tribe, a major tribal community in the Nilgiris district that continues to be sidelined. Predominantly landless labourers, the Paniyas face severe socio-economic disadvantages due to illiteracy, lack of leadership, disorganization, and systemic deprivation. A critical factor contributing to their marginalization is the absence of effective communication skills. Many Paniyas exhibit shyness, introverted behaviour, low self-awareness, peer-group influence, and a lack of confidence, which hinder their social interactions and affect their physical and psychological well-being. As a result, they remain in a regressive socio-economic state. Among the various tribal communities, the Paniyas are often considered the most underprivileged. The marginalization of the Paniya tribe has been a persistent and relentless process. However, as they attempt to integrate into mainstream society, it becomes essential to understand the socio-cultural aspects shaping their lives. This study provides an overview of key dimensions such as culture, language, religion, education, and occupation, assessing their impact on the tribe's development. Employing an exploratory research design, this study adopts a qualitative mixed approach, combining descriptive and ethnographic research methods. Data collection is carried out through non-probability purposive sampling, utilizing face-to-face interviews and case studies as primary research tools. Although the Paniyas remain underprivileged, they aspire to improve their standard of living. Meaningful change can be facilitated through awareness programs and access to resources that support their social, economic, physical, and psychological development. Effective communication strategies play a crucial role in empowering the Paniya community, enabling them to overcome barriers and achieve sustainable progress.

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Paniya Tribe, social change, Nilgiris District

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The Facial Recognition Technology is growing to be a new method of AI Surveillance to capture the threats posed to a nation, but the real question is doesn't it also capture a persons identity and restricts him from living a private and liberal life? The paper herein, speaks on the crux of this issue questioning the constitutional viability of governmental actions using this technology and the safe storage and usage of the identity of its citizen. Discussing its regulatory measures in India and its global counterparts at large. The paper sets to analyse this issue in various ways of factual, statistical, comparative and expert, as its metrics. The substantial use of our facial identities affecting the realms of our private lives. Moreover setting to analyse if the FRT, is properly developed, to deploy for serious applications such as evidence to crime.

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FRT, Right to Privacy, Right to Know, Government, Technology.

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The tridax procumbens extracts loaded sodium alginate and incorporated with gauze film was fabricated through solution casting techniques. After conducting a phytochemical test on the TP extracts, various chemicals including alkaloids, anthraquinone, carbohydrates, saponins, and cardiac glycosides were discovered to be present. Following an FTIR examination, the functional groups detected in tridax, alginate, gauze, and film were identified. Using EDX and FESEM, the film's surface shape and elemental composition were investigated. HPLC was used to confirm that the TPE contained quercetin. The film was then tested for in vitro cytotoxicity using the L929 cell line, yielding a maximum of 81% cell viability and 19% toxicity at varying dosages. The E. Coli, Bacillus, and Aeromonas bacteria were the targets of the in vitro antibacterial activity. To assess the antibacterial activity, the zone of inhibition was identified. Elastic modulus and tensile strength without 7. 52 MPa, 8. 83 MPa, 1. 67 GPa, and 2. 45 GPa were discovered with gauze and with gauze sheet, correspondingly. When the film's extracts were given the chance to interact with the L929 cell line, 86% of the cells migrated, proving the film's ability to promote wound healing. After examining the drug release, kinetics, and swelling of the film, the drug release profile and mechanism were discovered. For the purpose of healing wounds, tridax procumbens extracts filled alginate with gauze film.

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Tridax procumbens, Alginate, Film

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Feminism, as both a social movement and an intellectual ideology, advocates for gender equality and seeks to address the historical oppression of women. Over the centuries, feminism has influenced numerous fields, with English literature being one of the most prominent areas impacted by feminist theory. Literary works, whether written by women or men, often reflect societal attitudes towards gender, and feminist criticism provides a framework to analyze these texts and highlight issues related to female representation, identity, and empowerment. This paper explores the intersection of feminism and English literature, examining how feminist theory has shaped the analysis of literary works, the contribution of women writers to literary traditions, and the ways in which literature has both reinforced and challenged gender norms.

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 Keywords

Feminism, Intellectual ideology ,feminist criticism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition