Volume 8 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Around the world millions of tons of garbage are generated daily. In many countries such amounts of garbage generation pose great threat to environmental health and increase the risk of contaminating the living condition for humans and animals. Presently nations around the world conduct research and explore the possibility of management of garbage collected. Management of waste is a complex work which requires more number of human resources and the cost of managing few tons of garbage become high due to lack of right technology to support. Sorting and processing of waste is complex due to the diversity of materials dumped is large and require many specialized techniques. This paper surveys on waste classification methods and techniques using image processing.

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 Keywords

image processing, waste classification, data mining, image classification, waste recycling, machine learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

"Village Panchayats and the Panchayat Unions constitute the bedrock of Indian democracy and unless we strengthen the Village Panchayats and the Panchayat Unions, our democracy cannot become strong and vibrant. In this paper it is argued that the new economic policies, oriented towards market based economy-led growth objectives, would also entail significant contribution of the urban sector and efforts would be needed to reduce infrastructure bottlenecks and increase urban productivity and employment. It will require serious efforts at various levels including the level of municipal governments, state governments and central government. All the subjects mentioned in the Twelfth Schedule should be transferred to urban local bodies along with transfer of funds and functionaries. Property tax which is one of the main sources of income for the municipalities should be simplified and rationalized. Exemptions from Property tax should be minimized and central government properties should also pay service charges in lieu of property tax.

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 Keywords

Village Panchayats; State Finance Commission; Panchayat unions; Indian Democracy

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Social freedom or women teacher educator is very essential because destiny of children is made in the classroom. To attain social freedom among women it is very much essential to consider economic freedom first. As the teacher may be considered as the promoter of the social freedom and agent to eradicate the malpractices from the society are also the victim of these malpractices i.e. they are not even getting an equal status in the family and society as the male teacher are. For attain this social freedom among women, vocational and occupational components have to be designed in accordance with the availability of resources and job opportunities in the regions. Voluntary organizations and women�s groups active in the area should be involved in the task

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SOCIAL FREEDOM OF WOMEN TEACHERS AT SECONDARY LEVEL IN REGARDS TO THEIR SOCIO �ECONOMIC STATUS IN BALASORE DISTRICT

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With the end of the two central wars in the world, the world has been witnessing an increase in the number of internal conflicts in many countries of the world. The shift in terms of the characteristics of conflict around the world has been termed by scholars such as Kal Holsti as ew wars. It is in this context that there has also been a proliferation in terms of the discourse on examining security. The differentiation arises over traditional and non-traditional security issues. In this paper, it is argued that hunger and conflict is one of the sources for the emergence of conflict in many countries of the world. it also takes into account, the various factors that make conflict over food a significant issue for the rise of conflict in the world

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 Keywords

Conflict; Hunger; malnutrition; food security; climate change

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The fast pace of urban development minimize the agricultural lands. Owing to poor rainfall and drastic climatic changes farmers often face challenges to sustain cultivation of crops with respect to crop cycle. With growing economic competition and rising population, governmental agencies design long term plans which rarely address the farmer�s needs. To meet the global demands agriculturist needs to investigate every opportunity that could improve agricultural production and growth. Whether to expand agricultural lands or to improve the production farmers needs to assess the suitability between land and crops. The investigation of land suitability and crop suitability has attracted many researchers to utilize latest technology such as remote sensing, geographical information systems etc. This paper aims to survey on recent researches on crop and land suitability using data mining techniques.

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 Keywords

crop suitability, land suitability, data mining, classification, agricultural data mining

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Municipal waste has become a severe problem in the developed and developing countries during the last century. Among these are various waste materials from food, packing, commercial materials ect; however the main constituent of municipal wastes is organic wastes ect. Citric acid commercially important product used in several industrial processes. Production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger from different varieties of banana peel such as green banana and yellow banana in surface culture process was studied. It was found that the maximum amount of citric acid (87%) was produced from yellow banana peel used culture.Lower citric acid (45%) was obtained from green banana peel used culture. By the extension of the fermentation (upto 25 days) resulted in an increase in citric acid concentration and biomass. The potential of Banana peels as a substrate for citric acid production by A.niger was investigated. Addition of supplements significantly enhanced the yield of citric acid. Of the three cultures examined, A.niger UABN 210 was found to produce the highest amount of citric acid (82.0g/Kg dry weight ) after 96h of growth at 30�C in the presence of methanol (1%v/v) and copper ions(10ppm) . The yield of citric acid was over 90% based on the amount of sugar consumed. The study presents banana peel as an inexpensive medium for the production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger.

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 Keywords

Solid state fermentation, citric acid, banana peel, filteration, Aspergillus niger.

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The Sundarban coastal region, in South Asia, is prone to cyclones, storms, erosion and storm surge flood. Coastal areas are the most productive and transitional areas between land and sea. In these areas the ecosystems are more vulnerable to climate change induced natural hazards like coastal inundation, storm surge, tsunamis, shoreline change, sea level rising, cyclone and typhoon etc. The concept of vulnerability is a holistic approach and it navigates across the ecological and socio-economic systems of a region. Ecological and socio-economic vulnerability of a region can effectively be assessed using multi-hazards events. To understand the ecological and socio-economic vulnerability to climate change of any region, it is essential to find out the intensity of climate change. This paper makes an attempt to analyze spatio-temporal weather and climate variability in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve.

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 Keywords

Coastal areas, ecology, vulnerability, climate change, NDVI.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The cylinder block is the largest part of the engine. Its upper section carries the cylinders and pistons. Normally, the lower section forms the crankcase, and supports the crankshaft. Cylinder blocks made of aluminum are lighter than cast-iron blocks of the same size. They usually have cast-iron liners which provide a hard-wearing surface for pistons and piston rings. The cylinder block forms the basic framework of the engine, it houses the engine cylinders, which serve as bearings and guides for the pistons reciprocating in them. The analysis of the engine block is to be carried out to predict its behavior under static and dynamic loading. The cylinder block has to withstand the stresses and deformations due to loads acting on it. The solid model of the block is generated by using CATIA V5 R19.The nth model is imported to HYPERMESH-10. The quality mesh is prepared in HYPERMESH for converged solution and the end solver set as ANSYS in which load and boundary conditions are applied for analysis. The static analysis is performed to predict the deformations and stresses. The modal analysis to predict the first five natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes.

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Engine block, Catia V5,Ansys, Steel,Aluminum,Castiron,etc..,

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The contemporary societies of this fast paced world have witnessed some incredulous changes and precocious developments that of late. The recent upsurge and proliferation in the development activities has caused a sudden seismic disturbance on the resources of the earth. It is quite hard to jettison the usage of resources in order to foster the development activities while keeping in mind the myriad requirements of the modern world. In a bid to utilize the earth�s resources carefully as well as to fuel the developments of the 21st century world, the term �Sustainable Development� has been brought to the limelight. Over the years, the think tank of policy makers and environmental activists has been mulling over to fine tune the practice of Sustainable Development in order to preserve and sustain Mother Nature. But a challenging 17 Sustainable Development Goals coupled with 169 associated targets is always an arduous task. Keeping these challenges in mind, Christianity has emerged as an antecedent to provide a fillip towards promoting and integrating Sustainable Development activities. This research study intends to explore how Christianity and the activities of the churches and Christian institutions rooted in the teachings of Lord Jesus Christ is serving the purpose of promoting sustainable development by reflecting upon some key Biblical verses.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sustainable Development; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Christianity; Holy Bible; Biblical verses; Churches and Christian institutions.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Human trafficking,child marriage,bonded labour, prostitution,inefficient laws

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition