Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Values are central to human life. They constitute the foundation of moral behaviour, social cohesion, individual identity and cultural system. This article examines the philosophical, sociological, and psychological bases of values, drawing upon classical and contemporary scholarship. Their interdisciplinary study reveals how individuals and societies construct meaning. Philosophy explores what ought to be valued; sociology investigates how values emerge from social interactions; psychology examines how values develop and influence behaviour. Understanding these foundations is essential for interpreting human behaviour and social systems. This paper provides an integrated exploration of the philosophical, sociological, and psychological foundations of values and also highlights how normative reasoning, social structures, and cognitive development collectively shape the nature and function of human values.

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Philosophy, sociology, psychology, values, behaviour, cognition, intuition, culture and good.

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Women continue to face obstacles in nearly every aspect of life, experiencing gender inequality and discrimination both within the household and in the public sphere. In many cultures, they are traditionally confined to domestic identities as daughters, wives, and mothers, and are placed beneath men in the patriarchal order of authority. Their limited representation in social, economic, and political spaces stems from long standing historical, cultural, and economic conditions that restrict their access to education, financial autonomy, and upward mobility. Patriarchy reinforces the notion that women are naturally suited for caregiving roles, thereby justifying their exclusion from positions of power. Over generations, women have been conditioned to accept these subordinate roles, often due to cultural expectations, fear of social disapproval, and the pressure to uphold family honour over personal aspirations. This internalization is deeply rooted, as women are repeatedly taught to prioritize obedience and familial duty above individual ambition. Within modern Indian literature, Manju Kapur's Home is notable for its insightful portrayal of women's experiences within traditional family and societal frameworks. The novel centers on Nisha, whose life reflects the tensions of living in a joint family and symbolizes the broader struggle between conventional norms and emerging modern values. Through Nisha's pursuit of autonomy and self realization, Kapur highlights the complex interplay between personal desire, family obligations, and societal expectations. The novel also exposes several entrenched social problems--caste discrimination, class prejudice, superstitious practices, the denial of education to girls, and child sexual abuse--revealing how these forces further constrain women's lives. This research paper focuses specifically on the challenges women face within patriarchal structures and examine how Kapur's narrative illuminates the broader realities of gender oppression and the challenges women face within patriarchal society, highlighting how family structures and cultural norms marginalize women and restrict their autonomy and sense of self worth.

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Gender Inequality, Discrimination, Class Prejudice, Social Disapproval

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Most of the rivers of The north-eastern region of India originate from the foothills of the Himalayas and they usually carry huge sediment load during most of the time of the year. As these rivers enter the Assam valley, due to drastic reduction in bed slope, their velocities decrease rapidly and as a result they deposit these sediments on their respective beds, causing them to rise, reducing the waterway for the flow and form sandbars at the middle of the channels. During monsoon, when these rivers run in full discharge, the current hits the banks and erode them. Hence the use of effective river training works is a must in these rivers to counteract the problem of erosion. Different agencies are continuously applying mitigating measures for controlling riverbank erosion, by laying of porcupine screens. However, the success rates of such installations are very limited, which may be a result of lack of proper design procedure & specification and for the fact that the existing layout patterns of such structures are not dependent anyway on the factors like characteristics of flow and channel geometry etc of the sites where they are intended to be installed. In the present study, it was planned to critically compare the performance of different porcupine models on the basis of their capacity to cause sediment deposition in near bank. During the study scaled down porcupine models were prepared based on characteristics like channel dimension and discharge. The models were installed in an experimental field channel and the changes in the channel bed within the porcupine fields due to the installation of the porcupine models, were measured by means of a point gauge to find out the best performing porcupine models under different submergence ratios.

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Porcupine, Erosion Control, Permeable spur, Sediment deposition

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The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a major indirect tax reform introduced in India with the objective of simplifying the tax structure and creating a unified national market. This study focuses on assessing the level of awareness and perception of taxpayers towards the implementation of GST with special reference to Pollachi Taluk. The research aims to understand how far taxpayers are informed about GST provisions, rates, filing procedures, and compliance requirements. Primary data were collected from taxpayers through a structured questionnaire, and the study adopted a descriptive research design. The analysis reveals that while most respondents possess basic awareness of GST, there are noticeable gaps in their understanding of technical aspects such as input tax credit and return filing. The perception of GST implementation varies among taxpayers depending on factors such as education, nature of business, and experience with the tax system. Many respondents perceive GST as a beneficial reform that promotes transparency, whereas some consider it complex and compliance-oriented. The study highlights the need for continuous awareness programmes and training sessions to improve taxpayers' understanding. Overall, the findings provide insights into taxpayer behavior and suggest measures to enhance effective GST implementation in Pollachi Taluk.

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Goods and Services Tax, GST Implementation, Taxpayer Awareness, Taxpayer Perception, Pollachi Taluk, Indirect Tax System

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: Investment decision-making has increasingly been recognized as a behavioral process influenced by psychological biases and financial knowledge. Traditional finance theories assume investor rationality; however, behavioral finance challenges this assumption by highlighting systematic cognitive and emotional biases that distort judgement. At the same time, financial literacy plays a critical role in enabling investors to understand financial products, assess risk, and make informed investment choices. This empirical-oriented review paper revisits and synthesizes existing literature on behavioral biases and financial literacy with reference to investment decision-making. Using a structured review methodology, the study develops a conceptual framework and proposes testable hypotheses for future empirical research. The findings suggest that behavioral biases significantly influence investment decisions, while financial literacy plays both a direct and moderating role in shaping investor behavior. The study contributes to behavioral finance literature by integrating psychological and knowledge-based perspectives and offers valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers.

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Behavioral Biases, Financial Literacy, Investment Decision, Investor Behavior, Behavioral Finance

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Background: In Ayurveda, sn?yu (sinews or ligaments) are described as fibrous structures responsible for binding and stabilizing joints, muscles, and bones. In modern anatomy, ligaments are dense connective tissue bands that connect bones and provide joint stability. Despite differences in conceptual frameworks, both systems emphasize the importance of these structures in maintaining musculoskeletal integrity. Objective: To comparatively analyze the Ayurvedic concept of sn?yu and modern anatomical ligaments with special reference to the knee joint. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts (Caraka Sa?hit?, Su?rutaSa?hit?, A????gaH?daya), standard modern anatomy textbooks, and peer-reviewed research articles published in the last ten years. Results:Sn?yu are described as binding structures derived from medasdh?tu and classified morphologically into four types. Modern ligaments are composed mainly of type I collagen fibers and are classified based on their anatomical relation to joints. Both structures share similar functions in joint stabilization, particularly in the knee joint. Conclusion: The Ayurvedic concept of sn?yu closely correlates with ligaments described in modern anatomy, especially regarding structure, function, and clinical relevance. An integrative understanding can enhance diagnosis and management of knee joint disorders.

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Sn?yu; Ligament; Knee Joint; Sandhi; Ayurveda; Anatomy

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Concrete remains the backbone of modern infrastructure, but conventional cement production is a notable contributor to global carbon emissions and energy consumption. As sustainable construction practices gain prominence, there is a pressing need to explore eco friendly alternatives that reduce cement dependency without compromising structural performance. This research investigates the feasibility of substituting a portion of cement with Light Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA), a thermally treated, lightweight, porous material known for its low density, good strength to weight ratio, and internal curing benefits due to its high water absorption capacity. Concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement by weight with LECA, maintaining workability and mix consistency. Standard specimens were cast and subjected to compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength tests at 7 and 28 days, following relevant Indian Standard testing procedures. Results demonstrate that partial cement replacement up to 20% yields mechanical properties comparable to conventional concrete, with acceptable reductions in strength and a notable decrease in concrete density. Although 30% replacement exhibited a more marked reduction in mechanical performance, all mixes met criteria suitable for specific structural and non structural applications. The findings suggest that LECA can serve as a viable sustainable material for partially replacing cement in concrete, optimizing both environmental impact and mechanical efficiency.

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Keywords: Light Expanded Clay Aggregate, Lightweight Concrete, Cement Replacement, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Sustainable Construction

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The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. We can correlate this disease to some extent with Pushpaghni described by Acharya Kashyapa. In this, Vritha Pushpam can be compare to irregular menstruation or anovulation, Sthula with feature of obesity, Lomasha Ganda with presence of hair on body (hirsutism) are found. Ayurveda is a wholesome life which not only works on disease but also focus in healthy life style. Ayurveda helps to remove the root cause of the disease. Acharya Kashyapa has vividly described the effect of Shatavari on pushpakara, Prajakara, Vrishya in the chapter Shatapushpa- Shatavari Kalapadhyaya. Shatavari is having properties like Rasayana, balya, medhya, nadibalayaka, garbhaposhaka, shoolahara, Pushpakar parjakar.

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PCOS, Shatavari, Shatavari Siddha Tail, Ayurveda, Acharya Kashyapa, Pushpaghni

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In the 21st century, the technological revolution has ushered in a new era not only in every sphere of life but also in the field of education. The rapidly evolving new relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and education has inspired influential policies and institutional changes. AI is having a rapidly growing impact on education. The integration of AI into the educational framework has marked a significant milestone in the history of educational revolution. AI is increasingly playing an important role in both teaching-learning systems and management practices. Using conceptual frameworks, content analysis, and qualitative and effective methods of literature review, this research paper critically evaluates the relevance of AI in the light of education. The main points of this study include the need for AI, its utility, opportunities, and the challenges associated with it. Philosophical perspectives and ethical considerations in the implementation of AI technology have also been discussed. The potential of AI in informing personalized learning, enhancing intelligent learning, and supporting data-driven decision-making has been critically examined. This research paper explores the transformative role of teachers amid the usefulness, expansion, and increasing centrality of AI, emphasizing the need to equip teachers with essential skills that promote critical thinking, creativity, and innovation. Through critical evaluation, it has been found that AI holds immense potential to create harmonious and customized learning experiences. At the same time, it brings a range of challenges and concerns such as the possibility of diminishing the human face of education, ethical issues, threats to data privacy, and algorithmic bias. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that stakeholders in the field of education should adopt a balanced approach toward the use of AI in learning and educational management. Within this approach, AI should be positioned as a supportive resource rather than as a primary source of information and knowledge. In this manner, AI acts as a complement to time-tested traditional values, enabling the holistic development of both education and learners. The challenges associated with AI can be resolved only when users and educational management employ its transformative capabilities with ethical considerations, a process that requires a long and sustained effort.

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Artificial Intelligence, Significance

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Large Language Model (LLM)-based chatbots such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot are rapidly being integrated into higher education and professional learning environments for tutoring, assessment support, and content generation. While these tools demonstrate strong potential to enhance personalized learning, scaffolding, and accessibility, concerns persist regarding overreliance, reduced cognitive engagement, and erosion of critical thinking skills. This study critically examines whether educational chatbots function primarily as cognitive supports or cognitive substitutes. Using a systematic review of global empirical studies, policy reports, and experimental findings, the paper analyzes learning outcomes, student behavior, and pedagogical integration strategies. Secondary data are synthesized through comparative tables highlighting learning gains, engagement metrics, and cognitive risks. Findings suggest that chatbots enhance conceptual understanding and feedback efficiency when used as metacognitive tools but may suppress higher-order thinking when used for answer generation and task completion. The study concludes that learning outcomes depend less on the technology itself and more on pedagogical design, assessment strategies, and institutional policy frameworks. The paper proposes instructional design principles and governance guidelines for responsible AI integration in higher education.

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LLM chatbots, higher education, critical thinking, AI in education, professional learning, generative AI.

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