Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Myths have historically functioned as cultural narratives that legitimize social order and moral values. In the Indian context, epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have provided enduring archetypes that continue to shape contemporary discourse. This paper examines how Indian cinema reframes myth as political allegory to interrogate issues of caste and class, focusing on Mani Ratnam's Thalapathi (1991) and Raavan (2010), and Pa. Ranjith's Kaala (2018). Drawing on Roland Barthes' theory of myth as ideological signification and Dalit studies on counter-myths, the analysis highlights how these films subvert traditional narratives by elevating marginalized figures such as Karna and Ravana into heroes of resistance. Through visual symbolism, characterisation, and narrative inversion, the films destabilize hegemonic interpretations of "good" and "evil," foregrounding caste-based exclusion, land struggles, and state violence. By reading these cinematic texts as modern allegories, the study argues that Indian cinema does not simply retell mythology but actively reinterprets it as a tool for social critique. In doing so, it transforms myth from a static cultural repository into a dynamic medium of resistance, allowing suppressed voices to contest dominant ideologies. The paper positions cinema as a contemporary myth-making practice that reimagines epics in the service of social justice.

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 Keywords

Myth; Political Allegory; Indian Cinema; Caste; Class; Subaltern Studies; Counter-Myths

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Women, often regarded as the primary caretakers within families and communities, remain at the frontline of both ecological and societal crises. As nurturers, workers, and nation-builders, their roles are deeply intertwined with the sustainability of everyday life. Yet, throughout history, women have been subjected to media portrayals that undermine their agency and reduce their identities to narrowly defined stereotypes. Among these, advertising stands out as a powerful cultural force that commodities the female body, transforming it into a commercial object and positioning women predominantly as symbols of glamour, desire, and consumption. This paper explores how modern advertising constructs women within consumer culture, examining the dual impact of such portrayals. On one hand, advertisements elevate women as aspirational figures, central to lifestyle branding and the promotion of consumer ideals. On the other, they simultaneously perpetuate reductive stereotypes that objectify women and disconnect them from their real-world roles as decision-makers, nurturers, and ecological stewards. By adopting an eco-feminist lens, the study critically investigates the intersection of gender, ecology, and media representation. Advertising not only reshapes cultural perceptions of femininity but also normalizes unsustainable patterns of consumption. It highlights the broader implications for social values, consumer behaviour, and environmental consciousness in a globalized context. Ultimately, the paper argues that challenging the stereotypes of women in advertising is not only a gendered concern but also a pressing ecological necessity, with significant consequences for achieving sustainable futures.

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 Keywords

Eco-feminism, Gender representation, Advertising stereotypes, Objectification of women, Consumer culture, Environmental consciousness

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Health is an asset to human and to the community and has come to be regarded as a prerequisite to socio-economic development. The active role of women in the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, village cottage industries and several other facets of rural life besides the home and family is well established and is a known fact (Sidramshetter, 2004). Often women because of their household responsibilities and ignorance of health and hygiene practices tend to neglect their food intake and illness till their health problems get aggravated and hampers their normal household chores. The present study focuses on women's health issues and how linked to social, cultural, economic factors, whereas, their nutritional status substantially influences entire aspects of their lives. Women bear multiple burdens in serving all the family members, doing household works, caring children, cooking food and adopting the family planning. If women are not well nourished, they are more likely to give birth to a weak baby resulting to possibility of high infant mortality rate. The paper attempts to examine women's health problems, nutrition intake, age at marriage, their reproductive health, place of delivery and the determinants which influence these indicators in Labpur Community Development Block of Birbhum District, West Bengal. It is found that the health condition of the rural women is yet poor. Women face higher risk of malnutrition, retardation in growth and health condition is adversely affected by child birth under improper place of delivery. In order to materialize the objectives data from both primary and secondary sources have been used. Data have been interpreted with the help of statistical techniques like percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis with the help of MS Excel and Jamovi software. Maps have been prepared applying QGIS.

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 Keywords

Poor, Women's health, Food Intake, Age at marriage, Reproductive health

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Mathematics is integral to Mandala Art, primarily through the use of geometry, symmetry, and proportions to create visually appealing, balanced, and intricate designs. In this paper the authors created the mandala art by using mathematical concepts such as angles, proportion, grids and symmetry of mathematics. We also described the applications mandala art in human health and mental stress. We also observed that the Mandala art is therapy for academic stress.

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 Keywords

Mandala art, Mathematics in mandala art, Geometry, Symmetry, Repetition, Patterns, Rhythm, Angles, Proportion, Radial designs, Grids.

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Materiovigilance primarily focuses on the safety and monitoring of devices for medical use. To monitor the safety of medical devices in the Nation, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in India launched the Materiovigilance Programme of India (MvPI) in 2015. It summarizes the main goals, aims, and efforts of India's Materiovigilance Program. Through the collection, analysis, and response to unfavorable occurrences and incidents associated with the use of medical devices, the Materiovigilance Programme of India seeks to guarantee the safety and effectiveness of all of such equipment. Healthcare professionals, manufacturers, and consumers can report unwanted events related to medical devices through a nationwide network of Materiovigilance Centers. These reports are then analyzed to identify potential safety concerns and inform regulatory decisions. The creation of a national database for adverse event reporting, activities aimed at enhancing healthcare professional's capacity, and cooperation with foreign regulatory bodies to promote knowledge exchange and best practices in Materiovigilance are some of the primary initiatives of the Materiovigilance Programme of India. By encouraging openness and responsibility in the medical device industry, the Materiovigilance Programme of India helps to safeguard patient safety and the general public health. Medical device monitoring and evaluation on a continuous basis aid in the identification of new dangers and guarantees prompt regulatory responses to reduce them. All things looked at the Materiovigilance Programme of India is essential to protecting patient rights and building trust in the nation's usage of medical devices.

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Adverse event, Medical Device, MvPI, CDSCO

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Abstract Mathematics plays a foundational role in the development and understanding of physical theories. From classical mechanics to modern quantum physics, mathematical structures provide the language and framework necessary to describe physical laws with precision and consistency. This research paper explores the deep interconnection between mathematics and physics, highlighting how mathematical concepts such as calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, probability theory, and abstract algebra are applied to model, analyze, and predict physical phenomena. The study emphasizes both classical and modern applications, demonstrating how mathematics not only supports physics but also drives new discoveries and theoretical advancements.

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Keywords Mathematics in Physics, Mathematical Modeling, Differential Equations, Linear Algebra, Quantum Mechanics, Relativity, Applied Mathematics

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Due to the open border system between India and Nepal, movement of citizens of both the countries is relatively easy, making labor-based migration a common and ongoing process. This migration is mainly motivated by the search for livelihood, better employment opportunities, family responsibilities and the desire to get rid of economic insecurity. Siddharthnagar district of Uttar Pradesh, which is located near the international border of Nepal, has geographically become a favorable destination area for Nepali migrants. The continued demand for labor in agriculture, construction, small business and service sectors makes the region attractive to migrants. The main objective of the presented study is to comprehensively analyze the socio-economic condition of Nepali migrant families living in Siddharthnagar district. Under this, the migrants' means of livelihood, income stability, residential condition, access to health services, children's education, remittances sent to Nepal and the status of their social integration in the local society have been studied. This study is based on primary data collected from 100 Nepali migrant families, which were selected by Snowball Sampling method, as no official list of migrant families was available and they are scattered in different settlements. The study's findings show that most migrants are employed in the unorganized sector, where wages are low, employment is temporary and working conditions are unsafe. Due to instability in income the standard of living remains limited and housing facilities have also been found inadequate. Access to basic services such as health and education is limited and a large number of migrants are deprived of government welfare schemes, largely due to lack of documentation and information. Despite this, migrants are making significant contributions to the local labor market, agricultural production, construction and service sectors. Therefore, the findings from this study can prove to be extremely useful for policy making, district level planning and development of migrant-centric welfare programs in border areas.

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 Keywords

Nepali diaspora, socio-economic status, Siddharthnagar, livelihood, border area

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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes holistic education through the integration of co-scholastic and skill-based learning within the school curriculum. The present study examines the level of teacher preparedness for implementing co-scholastic and skill education practices and explores the relationship between preparedness and actual classroom implementation. The study also investigates whether teacher preparedness varies based on type of school, board affiliation, and gender. A descriptive survey method was employed, and data were collected from school teachers using a structured questionnaire aligned with the objectives of NEP 2020. The sample included teachers from government and private schools affiliated with CBSE and State Boards. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential techniques, including independent samples t-tests, to test the stated hypotheses. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in teacher preparedness based on type of school, board affiliation, or gender, indicating that preparedness-related challenges are systemic rather than institution-specific. However, the analysis highlighted a positive association between teacher preparedness and the effective implementation of co-scholastic and skill education practices. Factors such as training exposure, confidence in assessment methods, and institutional support emerged as critical enablers of implementation. The study concludes that while NEP 2020 provides a strong policy framework, its successful realization depends largely on sustained investment in teacher professional development and supportive school environments. Strengthening teacher preparedness is essential for translating the policy's holistic and skill-oriented vision into meaningful classroom practice.

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Co-Scholastic, Skill Education, NEP-2020, Preparedness, Training, Implementation gap, teacher preparedness

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Background: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is an advanced microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a major cause of visual impairment. In Ayurveda, long-standing diabetic retinal pathology can be correlated with Madhumehajanya Timira, resulting from chronic Prameha associated with Agnimandya, Ama and Rakta-Meda Dushti affecting the Drishti Mandala. Conventional management primarily aims at preventing further progression, highlighting the need for supportive and holistic therapeutic approaches. Aim: To assess the role of Ayurveda in managing Madhumehajanya Timira corresponding to long-standing proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Materials and Methods: A patient diagnosed with long-standing proliferative diabetic retinopathy was treated using a comprehensive Ayurvedic regimen. Internal medications included Chitrakadi Vati, Nishamalaki Choorna, Brihat Vasakadi Kashaya and Triphala Choorna combined with Shuddha Shilajatu. External therapies (Kriyakalpa) such as Nasya with Anu Taila, Thalam with Amalaki kalka sadita Dadhi, Bidalaka using Mukkadi Choorna, Durva Swarasa and Vata Shringa, along with Takradhara were administered. Clinical assessment was based on subjective visual symptoms and fundoscopic and OCT findings. Results: The patient showed improvement in visual comfort with stabilization of vision and no further progression of neovascular changes during the treatment period. Systemic well-being and better glycemic stability were also observed. Conclusion: Ayurvedic management may help in stabilizing disease progression and improving ocular comfort in Madhumehajanya Timira corresponding to long-standing proliferative diabetic retinopathy. An integrative approach addressing systemic metabolic derangements along with ocular pathology can be beneficial as supportive care. Further studies are required to validate these observations.

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 Keywords

Madhumehajanya timira, Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy, Bidalaka, Thalam, Takradhara.

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Security decision-making in daily life is influenced not only by knowledge and situational factors but also by inherent cognitive biases. Women, especially in modern socio-economic contexts, face diverse security-related challenges in digital, financial, physical, and interpersonal domains, depending on whether they are employed or homemakers, face different environments that shape their risk perception and judgment. Cognitive biases shape security decision-making among working and non-working women, depending on their financial differences, risk perception levels, and behavioural patterns. This qualitative study explores how working and non-working women experience and interpret security threats through the lens of cognitive bias. Findings show differing patterns of familiarity bias, intuition-driven reasoning, digital overconfidence and under confidence, and media-driven availability heuristic. Implications highlight the need for tailored interventions.

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 Keywords

Cognitive bias, Security decision-making, Working, non-working women

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition