Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Jai Bhim (2021), directed by T. J. Gnanavel, transcends the boundaries of conventional courtroom dramas to emerge as a compelling socio-political commentary deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of Tamil Nadu. Based on a real-life incident involving the custodial death of a tribal man and the legal battle that followed, the film deftly interweaves themes of caste-based discrimination, tribal marginalisation, and structural injustice, all of which remain pressing issues within Indian society. Set against the backdrop of the Irular tribe's lived realities, Jai Bhim offers a rare cinematic portrayal of a community that exists on the peripheries of both state recognition and cultural representation. Through its powerful storytelling, character development, and visual composition, the film not only humanises the experiences of the oppressed but also exposes the deep-rooted social hierarchies and institutional violence that perpetuate their suffering. This paper aims to analyse Jai Bhim through a cultural studies framework, drawing on narrative analysis, visual semiotics, and socio-historical referencing. It explores how the film acts as both a cultural document that preserves and presents the voices of the marginalised, and a political artefact that challenges hegemonic structures. In doing so, the study also highlights the film's role in furthering Dalit-Bahujan discourse, critiquing the dominant narratives in Tamil cinema, and reclaiming space for indigenous and lower-caste representation. Ultimately, Jai Bhim is not merely a cinematic experience--it is a call to consciousness, urging audiences to confront the uncomfortable truths of caste, state violence, and systemic exclusion. It reaffirms the potential of cinema as a tool for social transformation, cultural assertion, and political resistance.

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 Keywords

Tamil cinema, Jai Bhim, caste oppression, Irular tribe, tribal identity, social justice, cultural resistance, legal activism, visual semiotics, systemic injustice, Tamil Nadu culture, Ambedkarite ideology, representation in film, marginalised communities

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Corporate governance has emerged as a critical framework for ensuring transparency, accountability, and ethical management of corporations in an increasingly globalized economy. Sound governance practices are essential for protecting stakeholder interests, enhancing investor confidence, and ensuring sustainable corporate performance. In recent decades, corporate governance systems across the world have undergone significant transformation due to financial crises, corporate scandals, regulatory reforms, and growing emphasis on sustainability and social responsibility. The rationale for this review lies in understanding how global governance trends are evolving and how India, as a major emerging economy, is aligning its governance practices with international standards. The primary objective of this study is to examine key global trends in corporate governance and analyze their relevance and application within the Indian context. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach based on a systematic review of academic literature, international policy reports, and regulatory frameworks from both global and Indian sources. The review covers the period from 2000 to 2025 to capture long-term structural changes in governance practices. The study identifies major global trends such as the shift from shareholder-centric to stakeholder-oriented governance, integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations, increasing emphasis on board diversity and independence, alignment of executive compensation with performance, and the growing role of digital technologies in governance processes. In India, corporate governance has evolved significantly through regulatory reforms such as the Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI's Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR). The findings highlight both convergence with global standards and persistent challenges in implementation. The study offers important implications for policymakers, corporate leaders, and researchers in strengthening governance frameworks and promoting sustainable business practices.

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Corporate Governance, Global Governance Practices, Indian Corporate Governance, ESG, Board Structure, Regulatory Frameworks, Stakeholder Capitalism.

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English poet and playwright Ben Jonson wrote that William Shakespeare was "not of an age, but for all time." This statement remains true over four centuries after Shakespeare's death in 1616. Shakespeare's influence continues to shape how people speak, tell stories, and understand the human mind. William Shakespeare remains one of the most influential literary figures in world history. His dramatic works, poetry, and linguistic innovations have shaped English literature for over four centuries. This journal examines Shakespeare's biography, major works, thematic patterns, stylistic features, and global legacy. Through reference to scholarly research and historical documentation, the study highlights Shakespeare's continuing relevance in modern literary and cultural discourse. His legacy is evident in global culture, from the Royal Shakespeare Company to Hollywood blockbusters. Shakespeare is just near the God. He is the creator of his own universe and destiny of his own Tragic Hero, Own funny world comedy to evoke the comic sense in his audience.

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William Shakespeare, King's Men, Tragedy, Tragic Hero, Fatal Flaw, Hamartia, Comedy, Natural Setting, Disguise Identity, Sonnet

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agriculturally dominated districts like Basti in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population in this district, making the study of land utilization and agricultural factors extremely important. The present study examines the existing land use pattern in District Basti and analyses the major physical, socio-economic, and institutional factors influencing agricultural activities and growth. The study highlights the distribution of land under various categories such as net sown area, fallow land, forest land, barren land, and land put to non-agricultural uses. It has been observed that a large proportion of land is devoted to agriculture however, increasing population pressure, fragmentation of landholdings, and expansion of non-agricultural activities have reduced the efficiency of land use. Fertile alluvial soil and favourable climatic conditions provide strong natural support for agriculture, yet agricultural productivity remains moderate due to limited irrigation facilities, dependence on monsoon rainfall, and traditional farming practices.

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Land Use Pattern, Agricultural Growth, Cropping Pattern, Irrigation

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Environmental awareness is a critical prerequisite for sustainable behaviour among adolescents. This paper examines the effectiveness of various school-based activities--such as Eco-Clubs, nature camps, and waste management audits--in enhancing secondary school students' environmental consciousness in Gujarat. Research indicates that while theoretical knowledge is prevalent, participatory activities significantly bridge the gap between awareness and action. The study suggests that institutionalised initiatives such as the Green Schools Programme and GEER Foundation camps are vital for fostering long-term pro-environmental habits. Environmental awareness is a critical prerequisite for sustainable behaviour among adolescents. This paper examines the effectiveness of various school-based activities--such as Eco-Clubs, nature camps, and waste management audits--in enhancing secondary school students' environmental consciousness in Gujarat. Research indicates that while theoretical knowledge is prevalent, participatory activities significantly bridge the gap between awareness and action. The study suggests that institutionalised initiatives like the Green Schools Programme and GEER Foundation camps are vital for fostering long-term pro-environmental habits.

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Environmental awareness, GEER foundation, Eco club, Guj cost

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Shalakyatantra is a branch of Ayurveda that deals with diseases of the organs located above the collarbone, such as the eyes, ears, nose, and throat. Since it focuses on the sense organs, it is considered a very important and specialized branch. Among the five sense organs, the eye is the most important. Therefore, special care should be taken to protect the eyes and treat eye diseases properly. Acharya Sushruta has described 76 types of eye diseases. These diseases are treated using both internal medicines and local therapies. One of the important local treatment methods is called Kriyakalpa. Acharyas have explained different therapeutic procedures using various medicines and methods of application, depending on the type of disease. As Kriyakalpa is a local treatment, the medicines act quickly and penetrate the eye tissues effectively, making it very useful in eye disorders. Bidalaka is one of the important Kriyakalpa procedures described in Ayurvedic texts. It is widely used in many eye diseases and gives very good results, especially in the early or acute stage of the disease. According to Charaka, Bidalaka is highly effective in treating acute eye conditions

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Bidalaka; Lepa; Eye Diseases; Ayurvedic Treatment.

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Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the employment outcomes of the scholar graduates of Tarlac State University (TSU) from 2018-2022. It also offers a comprehensive analysis of the profiles, academic achievements, scholarship access, and board examination performance of the scholar graduates. These scholar graduates were recipients of several scholarship programs, the CHED-Tulong-Dunong Program being the most popular source of financial assistance. Of the 1,386 scholar graduates, 532 participated in the study by completing an online survey that was uploaded using Microsoft Forms. The highest number of scholar graduates came from the College of Education and the College of Business Accountancy. Out of the 347 scholar graduates who took the licensure examination, 303 passed the examination. Many of the respondents are currently employed, majority of them holding permanent positions. Other employment statuses include contractual employment, job orders, temporary employment, casual positions, and probationary roles. A small number of these scholar graduates are unemployed because of lack of work experience. The college competency that was deemed very necessary in their job was communication skills followed by critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In terms of the graduates' reasons for accepting and staying in the job, salaries and benefits are the most significant factors for them. To enhance the degree programs, it was recommended that TSU must align its curriculum with industry standards to make the students more prepared and equipped before venturing into the labor market. A stronger partnership with local and international companies must be given full attention to improve the students' practical and realistic skills and experience. While pointing out areas for enhancement in academic preparation, professional preparedness, and administrative procedures, respondents generally conveyed gratitude for the opportunities provided by the TSU scholarship program. TSU can use these insights to enhance its degree programs and research support systems in the future.

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Employment Outcomes, Scholar Graduates, Employability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Film holds a central place in shaping cultural narratives because it is one of the most powerful mediums of mass communication. Ravana, the ten-headed king of Lanka from the Indian epic Ramayana, continues to be a dominant mythological figure whose representation in cinema often oscillates between cultural reverence and stereotypical villainy. While the epic offers a multidimensional view of Ravana as a learned scholar, skilled ruler, ardent devotee of Lord Shiva, and tragic hero cinematic portrayals have largely reduced him to a one-dimensional figure embodying arrogance, lust, and cruelty. The study highlights how mainstream cinema employs visual and narrative codes - such as exaggerated physical features, booming laughter, dark costumes, and larger-than-life presence to present Ravana as the ultimate adversary to Rama's virtue. It construct a moral binary of good versus evil, often privileging Rama's righteousness while flattening Ravana's complex character into a symbol of male dominance and moral corruption. The repetition of these stereotypes across decades cultivates a fixed, negative perception of Ravana that overshadows alternative readings of his character. Nevertheless, some regional and contemporary films attempt to subvert this narrative by reimagining Ravana as a misunderstood king or a tragic hero, opening critical space for more nuanced interpretations. By situating Ravana between myth and movie, this paper argues that film plays a decisive role in both preserving and distorting mythological identities. It demonstrates how cinematic portrayals not only reflect but also actively shape cultural memory, ensuring Ravana's enduring presence as a symbolic yet stereotyped figure within Indian imagination.

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Ravana, Ramayana, mythological cinema, Myth and Semiotics, Representation Theory, stereotypes, cultural memory, villain representation, Indian films, cinematic analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) possess unique physicochemical and biological properties, making them applicable in medicine, environmental protection, and consumer products. However, conventional chemical synthesis involves toxic reagents and high-energy input, raising concerns regarding safety and sustainability. Green synthesis involving plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae is an environmentally friendly alternative that utilizes natural biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle size and morphology control. This review summarizes major biological approaches, influencing factors, and key characterization techniques for green-derived ZnO NPs. Their enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties support applications in pharmaceuticals, oral care.

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Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Green Synthesis, Biological sources, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Biocompatibility

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Adolescence vital period in life due to its significance in the area of developmental psychology. This is the period of heightened sensibility for rapid learning and of critical acquisitions which determine the general style of adult life. The scope of parenting influence on the adolescence will be wider. The parents attitude, have powerful influences upon adolescence. Parents' mental illness can impact on parenting capacity as well as parent-child relations. Parenting Behaviour is one of the mechanisms by which parental mental illness may translate into problematic outcomes in children. Schizophrenia Psychosis is a term used to cover a range of devastating severe mental illnesses where psychotic symptoms typically occur. Children of schizophrenic parents have a number of unique challenges to overcome, it impact on a person's ability to carry out normal daily activities. The study examine the influence of parenting behavior on academic Performance among adolescents of parents with schizophrenia. 400 adolescent students were the sample. schizophrenia characteristics inventory, parent-child relationship questionnaire and behaviour disorder schedule were employed. The study reveals a low-level parenting behaviour among the adolescents of schizophrenic parents, Parenting Behaivour related to academic achievement, and significantly differ with respect to Educational Qualification of parents, Socio Economic Status, and Parents Employment. Significant difference in academic achievement is seen with respect to Gender, Educational Qualification, Socio Economic status, and Parents Employment. There is a significant relationship between total and different dimensions of Parenting Behaivour and Academic Achievement and the joint and individual contribution of the dimensions of parenting behaviour is significant in predicting Academic Achievement.. A healthy and nourishing parent child relationship is an indication of advancement. So innovative programs are improvised and incorporated along with the present educational system Parent Training (Parent-Effectiveness Training), Family therapy, The social skill training:, Confidence building and Balanced emotional attachment with parents: The academic achievement of adolescents having parents with schizophrenia should be improved. The positively motivating Parent child relationship contributes children's success in the academic tasks and something beyond.

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 Keywords

Parenting Behavior, Academic Performance, Adolescents, Parents and Schizophrenia

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