Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Wetlands represent distinctive ecological systems that perform as intermediary zones between terrestrial and aquatic environments. The Ramsar Convention is recognized as a pivotal achievement in the realm of international environmental conservation. Over the past 50 years, the number of Ramsar-designated sites worldwide has expanded to 2,549. India has demonstrated notable advancements in recent years (2021-2025), underscoring a robust dedication to the conservation and proficient management of wetland resources. This review article examines the contemporary condition of Ramsar sites situated in Gujarat. Comprising nearly 23% of India's overall wetland expanse, Gujarat possesses substantial potential to emerge as a prominent area for a wetland biodiversity hotspot.

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 Keywords

Ramsar sites, Wetland, Biodiversity, Water, Migration

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The transition toward digital communication has become a critical concern for businesses due to changing consumer habits and the decline of traditional media effectiveness. Social media advertising offers a viable solution by enabling organizations to achieve direct engagement while minimizing marketing costs. This study analyzes the strategic role of social media platforms in enhancing brand awareness. Using primary data from a survey of 100 social media users, the research evaluates the impact of digital ads on consumer attention, perception, recall, and purchasing decisions. The findings indicate that social media advertising enhances brand visibility and recall through repeated exposure. Despite challenges such as ad fatigue and varying trust levels, strategic content planning accelerates brand recognition. The study concludes that social media advertising is not only a marketing necessity but a strategic business imperative for modern growth.

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Social Media Advertising, Brand Awareness, Consumer Behavior, Digital Marketing, Brand Recall.

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The rapid integration of artificial intelligence into modern defense systems has significantly enhanced threat detection, decision making, and operational efficiency. However, the effectiveness of such systems is determined not merely by algorithmic performance but also by the quality of user experience provided to human operators. Poor usability, lack of transparency, and explainability may reduce trust and hinder effective human-AI collaboration in high-risk defense environments. This research focuses on the design and evaluation of user experience in an AI-based defense system from a human centered approach.The proposed system incorporates AI driven threat analysis with a priority on usability, interpretability, and operator trust. A structured UX framework is developed by integrating principles of human-computer interaction, explainable AI, and usability engineering. The evaluation is quantitative usability performed through both and qualitative approaches: testing, task-based performance analysis, and user satisfaction surveys. Key UX parameters are investigated, including ease of use, system transparency, response time, and decision confidence.Experimental results reflect that the optimized UX design significantly improves operator efficiency, situational awareness, and trust in AI-assisted decision making. The findings demonstrate that incorporating UX-oriented design principles into AI-based defense systems enhances both system effectiveness and human performance. This study underlines the importance of human-centric design in defense technologies and provides valuable insights for the development of reliable, usable, and trustworthy AI-driven defense systems.

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Ai Defence System

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Rheumatoid Arthritis, Genetic Susceptibility, Environmental Risk Factors, HLA-DRB1 Alleles, Pharmacogenomics

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INTRODUCTION: A newborn receives essential nutrition and nourishment from the mother through Breastmilk. Breastfeeding is a natural and nurturing way of providing immunity to the baby. It helps in the strengthening of the bond between mother and baby while promoting adequate growth and development. Breastmilk contains macronutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins and micronutrients such as Vitamins and minerals. Maternal dietary habits have been reported to influence human milk fatty acids composition. According to Ayurveda, the quantity and quality of Stanya (Breast milk) depends on the Ahara of the mother, as nourishing food leads to healthy Rasa Dhatu, of which Stanya is a Upadhatu. Shigru (Moringa oleifera) is katu-tikta rasa and laghu-ruksha guna which by its virtue does stanyashodhana karma, thus promoting Shuddha and Pravruddha stanya. Lashuna (Allium sativum) is katu-tikta rasa and snigdha-tikshna guna which is Vata-kaphahara and stanyajanana (Galactagogue) in action. Traditionally, a lot of recipes have been in vogue which help in better post-partum care of the mother and the child. Here, two recipes are described here with main ingredients as Shigru (Moringa oleifera) and Lashuna (Allium sativum). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The recipes are indigenous recipes which have been traditionally used in postpartum period, passed down orally by elderly women, and prepared using authentic methods. Details of Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and Karma of Stanyajanana drugs were procured from classical texts. RESULTS: The review highlights that the traditional practices of including Shigru (Moringa oleifera) and Lashuna (Allium sativum) in the diet is found to have benefits in enhancing lactation, digestion and maternal recovery in the postpartum phase. The classical texts also consider them as Stanyajanana. DISCUSSION: The integration of Classical Ayurveda concepts with traditional practices highlights the relevance of time-tested dietary formulations in postpartum care. Recipes like Modakas and Ksheerapaka illustrate how food can serve as both medicine and nourishment to enhance maternal health and lactation.

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Ksheerapaka, Lashuna, Modaka,, Shigru, Stanyajanana

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This study examines the impact of digitisation on procurement practices in Nigeria through a comprehensive case study analysis of government and private sector organisations. The research investigates how digital procurement platforms have transformed traditional procurement processes, focusing on transparency, efficiency, cost reduction, and compliance outcomes. Using a multiple case study methodology, this research analyses five Nigerian organisations that have implemented e-procurement systems between 2015 and 2024, including the Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Lagos State Government, Dangote Group, and selected federal ministries. Data were collected through document analysis, semi-structured interviews with 47 procurement professionals, and examination of procurement records before and after digitisation. Findings reveal that digitisation has significantly improved procurement transparency (average increase of 67%), reduced procurement cycle times (average reduction of 45%), and enhanced cost savings (average of 23% reduction in procurement costs). However, challenges including inadequate digital infrastructure, resistance to change, cybersecurity concerns, and limited digital literacy among stakeholders have impeded the full realisation of digitisation benefits. The study concludes that while digitisation presents substantial opportunities for improving procurement practices in Nigeria, successful implementation requires comprehensive change management strategies, robust infrastructure development, and continuous capacity building. This research contributes to technology adoption theory by extending the Technology Acceptance Model and institutional theory in developing country contexts, while providing practical guidance for policymakers and practitioners.

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digitisation, e-procurement, public procurement, Nigeria, transparency, efficiency.

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This paper examines the economic development trajectories of tribal communities in Chhattisgarh, India, with particular emphasis on self-employment and livelihood diversification strategies. Drawing on recent empirical studies and government policy frameworks (2020-2025), the research analyzes how Minor Forest Produce (MFP) collection, handicraft entrepreneurship, and institutional support mechanisms contribute to tribal economic empowerment. The study reveals that Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) contribute 15-50% of annual household income for tribal families in forest-dependent regions, while approximately 50,000-60,000 artisans engage in traditional crafts generating INR500-800 crore annually. Despite significant policy interventions including the Minimum Support Price (MSP) scheme and Van Dhan Vikas Kendras, challenges persist regarding market access, value addition, and climate vulnerability. The paper proposes an integrated sustainable livelihood framework that combines traditional ecological knowledge with modern enterprise development to enhance tribal economic resilience.

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Keywords: Tribal economic development, self-employment, Minor Forest Produce, sustainable livelihoods, Chhattisgarh, Van Dhan Vikas Kendra, Scheduled Tribes

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The Kudmali language, spoken by the Kudmi people of the Chotanagpur Plateau region, has experienced a significant revival from its previously declining status. Kudmali serves not only as a means of communication for the Kudmi community but also as a vital symbol of their cultural identity. Confined primarily to the states of West Bengal, Odisha, and Jharkhand, the language has suffered degeneration and historical marginalization. It faces the threat of extinction, with its status ranging from "vulnerable" to "definitely endangered" on the UNESCO language endangerment scale. The decline can be attributed to socio-economic pressures, state language policies, and the dominance of major regional languages such as Hindi, Bengali, and Odia. Historically classified as a tribe, animist, and aboriginal under British rule, the Kudmi community was excluded from the Scheduled Tribe list after independence, fueling the movement to reclaim their tribal status and cultural and linguistic heritage. The revival of the Kudmali language is intertwined with the demand for ST status and its inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Activists have sought to preserve and establish Kudmali as a mainstream language through various initiatives, including protests like Rail Roko, deputations, blockades, educational programs, cultural festivals, book publishing, and the release of music, videos, and documentaries. Although the Kudmis have not regained their ST status, Kudmali has been recognized as a second language in West Bengal by the state government and has been included in various universities in Jharkhand and West Bengal. This article explores how the Kudmali language is strategically employed as a tool to assert cultural identity, demand recognition of tribal status, and mobilize for socio-economic and political empowerment.

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 Keywords

Identity Politics; Kudmi Socio-Political Movement; Indigenous Languages Revival; Kudmi and Kudmali.

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The project "AI-Powered Tender Flow and Procurement Optimization System" will provide a new smart, fully-automated platform for the entire tender cycle from tender creation to tender evaluation and award. Artificial Intelligence (AI) models will be used to develop semantic tender search, intelligent bid comparison and anomaly detection to identify fraudulent or unrealistic bids. Real time updates and notifications are enabled by using Socket.IO to ensure instant communication between tender owner and bidder. Secure and separated access for all interested parties is ensured by role based access control. The frontend will be developed as an application based on Next.js and React. In addition, the backend will be developed with Node.js and Express.js as well as a MongoDB database to securely store all data and for analysis purposes. A completely manual free of errors, risk-reduced procurement process with enhanced confidence in all parties involved, will be realized by this system. Additionally, performance and scalability will be demonstrated through a successful cloud deployment and load test.

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AI-Powered Procurement, Tender Management System, Semantic Search, Bid Intelligence, Anomaly Detection, Real-Time Collaboration, Transparent Procurement

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Dermatological disorders impact roughly one-third of humanity, creating substantial healthcare burdens through physical symptoms and emotional distress. Diagnosis timing presents critical obstacles stemming from inadequate specialist availability, expensive medical consultations, and prolonged scheduling delays. Our work introduces an artificial intelligence driven analytical platform employing hierarchical convolutional architectures for automated pathological identification. This framework operates through dual-phase methodology: initial broad categorization followed by granular sub-classification refinement. Through exploiting pre-trained EfficientNetB3 architecture, our implementation demonstrates 81% primary-level precision across 3 broad categories (infectious, inflammatory, others) encompassing 23 disease classes and 62% secondary-level precision for fine-grained classification, achieving 71% overall accuracy after complete integration. The browser-based platform delivers instantaneous diagnostic assessments incorporating probability metrics and therapeutic guidance. Cloud-enabled model training through Google Colab facilitates efficient development eliminating specialized computing requirements, establishing an accessible screening mechanism particularly valuable for medically underserved communities

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Hierarchical CNN, Skin Disease Classification, Transfer Learning, Deep Learning, EfficientNetB3, Medical Image Analysis, Web-based Healthcare

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