Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Drug Regulatory Affairs (DRA) is essential to guaranteeing their effectiveness, safety, and quality. Drug regulation must change to accommodate new technologies like biotechnology, nanomedicine, gene therapy, and biosimilars as the pharmaceutical industry changes due to quick scientific breakthroughs. The USFDA, EMA, CDSCO, MHRA, PMDA, and TGA are just a few of the key regulators that are highlighted in this thorough review of the world's drug regulatory systems. Additionally, it looks at how the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) has contributed to regulatory convergence by establishing uniform standards for efficacy, safety, and quality. The paper also goes into detail on different drug approval regulatory paths, including IND, NDA, ANDA, BLA, biosimilar approvals, fast-track authorizations, and emergency use authorizations. Special focus is paid to generic medications, biosimilars, and interchangeability principles, which greatly affect healthcare affordability and accessibility. The issues encountered by regulatory authorities--such as rising complexity of clinical trials, worldwide harmonization gaps, ethical concerns, and delays in approvals--are critically reviewed. The report delves deeper into the future of drug regulation, forecasting a move towards Blockchain-enabled supply chain monitoring, digital regulatory systems, AI-assisted assessments, and adaptive clinical trial designs. In general, the study highlights how crucial robust regulatory regimes are for advancing public health, fostering innovation, and guaranteeing that everyone has access to safe and effective medications.

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 Keywords

Drug Regulatory Affairs, USFDA, EMA, CDSCO, ICH Guidelines, Biosimilars, Generics, Pharmacovigilance, Clinical Trials, Regulatory Pathways, CTD, NDA, ANDA, Drug Approval.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The ongoing evolution of real-time rendering solutions has raised the bar on realism, interactivity, and scalability in modern digital applications such as gaming, architectural rendering, and virtual production. Classic rendering solutions are very reliant on hand-authored levels-of-detail and lightmaps, requiring a considerable amount of time and making real-time adaptation and changes unfeasible. Unreal Engine 5 (UE5) in April 5 2022 released two new technologies - Nanite virtualized geometry and Lumen global illumination, that target the above challenges with fully automated and GPU-enabled solutions and real-time calculation. In this work, a technical exploration of the two solutions is presented, examining their architecture, mechanics, and integration into modern rendering solutions. Nanite dynamically manages geometric detail by means of hierarchical clustering, culling on the GPU, and surface caching, eliminating the authoring needs of traditional levels-of-detail processes. Lumen enables real-time global illumination by a hybrid tracing method including screen-space approaches, distance-field propagation, and surface caching either with hardware or much cheaper solution, software ray tracing support. A comparison with more traditional solutions reveals improvements regarding production efficiency, iteration time, and image quality, besides dependencies on hardware and workflow limitations.

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 Keywords

Nanite, Lumen, Real-Time Rendering, Virtualized Geometry, Global Illumination, Unreal Engine 5.

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 Abstract

The growth of technology in beauty and health is changing how brands reach people selling skin care stuff. As classic commercials lose power, firms focus more on internet tools thatfit what shoppers actually need - simple buying, honest details, maybe custom plans. For medical skincare or high-end formulas, digital marketing works well to target niches, build down-to-earth brand messages, while keeping folks engaged. Quick changes such as rising e-stores, broader social media habits, belief in research-backed routines, also increasing demand for online consults are shifting how this space runs. Now folks are more informed expect straight facts about product ingredients, crave truthfulness, yet still look for hasslefree shopping through sites or apps. Even so, gadgets like virtual try-ons and phone-based skin scans add a personal touch, make things simpler to navigate. As tons of labels scramble for notice, offering such features sets some apart, builds stronger trust over time. Moving forward, online outreach will keep steering how beauty-meets-wellness outfits operate, expand, shift gears. Smart use of internet platforms plus fresh tools lets businesses tackle regulations, stay safe, bond deeper with customers, lay steady groundwork for global innovations down the road.

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 Keywords

Digital Marketing, Cosmeceuticals, Pharmaceutical Cosmetics, E-commerce, Consumer Engagement

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Normal anatomy of the Abdomen, pathology and Radiological findings of abdominal pain is discussed. Acute Abdomen is an emergency disease with acute abdominal pain as the main feature. Through severe diseases in intra-Abdominal, extra pelvic and retroperitoneal tissues and organs, symptoms and clinical signs led by abdominal pain are formed. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the value of the Radiological examination in the diagnosis of Pain or obstructiveabdominal diseases.Radiologically the patients are subjected to go through various examinations viz CXR PA view, USG Abd, X Ray Abdomen(Supine AP, lateral, Standing AP), MDCT Abdomen along with some lab tests.In Plain chest x-ray can see the any Chest infection or level of domes of diaphragm etc. In the plain abdomen supine Radiography can visualised any stone and the fluid levels or any perforation etc. In case the plain erect radiographyof abdomen can see the any fluid level of air to see theobstruction. Normal X rays still have their greater advantage in clinical findings but are less sensitive. They are still the best studies for normal screening and in the detection of calculi and various obstructions. Ultrasound playsa significant role in determining the anatomical variants and is considered as the first line imaging modality of choice for emergency abdominal evaluation. Multi Detector Computed Tomography has become the imaging modality of choice for complicated disease courses and also for some inflammatory processes, not only in adults but also in children. Indications like Pancreatitis, Abscesses, Liver cirrhosis, Flank pain, inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic obstructions etc. are diagnosed well on a MDCT. Computed Tomography has been also considered the ideal first choice for hospitalised patients in whom abdominal infection is suspected.MRI also plays a great role in achieving diagnosis of Pancreatitis and the visualisation of biliary anatomy and calculi.

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culculi,pain,obstructive abdominal

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Drug delivery to central nervous system (CNS) diseases is very challenging because there is presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There are various new strategies to overcome these drawbacks and successfully deliver drugs to the CNS, nanotechnology-based drug delivery platform, offers potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of some common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease. This review aimed to highlight advances in research on the development of nano-based therapeutics for their implications in therapy of CNS disorders. The challenges during clinical translation of nanomedicine from bench to bed side is also discussed.

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 Keywords

CNS ,Nanoparticles, Molecular targets, Oxidative stress, Nanomedicine

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The insurance market has considerable profit potential when managed efficiently. Notwithstanding initiatives to enhance awareness, insurance penetration is minimal because of insufficient motivation, protracted claims processes, and a deficit of understanding. This study examines investment options in terms of the insurance provided by commercial banks across several demographic segments. Primary data from structured questionnaires and secondary data from books, journals, and internet sources were used in this study, which was conducted in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Descriptive analysis encompasses tables and figures, whereas inferential approaches include comprise correlation, regression, and chi-square tests. The results indicate a correlation between income and the choice of term insurance, highlighting the attractiveness of dual benefits and assured post-retirement returns. The accessibility of thorough, current information profoundly impacts investment choices. Research shows that robust branding by life insurance firms influences consumer decisions, resulting in increased insurance uptake, enhanced infrastructure, and cost-effective business models.

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 Keywords

Customer choice, Term Insurance, Private Banks, Dual benefit, Post-retirement returns Benefits

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Lip prints are normal line and fissures in the form of wrinkles and grooves present on the lips. Lip prints are similar to fingerprints and have individual characteristics. Lip prints provide us important information and have become an important tool in forensic identification. Lip prints are unique to each person but basic lip prints patterns could still have similarities within the family. If established that there is a hereditary pattern in lip prints patterns, can be an important tool in personal identification and determining familial lineage of a person. The present study was carried out to ascertain whether there is any hereditary pattern in lip prints between parents and offspring's. The subjects were included 90 individuals of 30 families from Kollam district. Father, mother and a son or daughter of each family was selected. The lip prints of either son or a daughter along with their father and mother from each family were recorded. Each lip of the 30 offspring was compared with the corresponding lip of his or her parents. The middle segments of each lip of the offspring that matched with either of parents was noted and recorded. The results were evaluated by Chi-square test.

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 Keywords

lipprint,fissures,grooves,linkage

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Ruskin Bond's short story Dust on the Mountain presents a compelling ecocritical critique of industrial exploitation in the fragile Himalayan region, foregrounding the environmental and human costs of quarrying. Set against a landscape transformed into dust and debris, the narrative exposes how mechanized progress disrupts ecological balance and rural life. Through the perspective of the young narrator, Bisnu, Bond contrasts indigenous environmental wisdom with the extractive logic of modern industry. Bisnu's intimate bond with the mountain reflects a worldview rooted in coexistence, where nature is perceived not as a commodity but as a living, sustaining presence. The quarry operates as a powerful symbol of unchecked development, producing short-term economic benefits while leaving irreversible damage in its wake. Bond's depiction of dust-choked air, scarred terrain, and abandoned livelihoods underscores the concept of environmental "slow violence," highlighting how gradual ecological degradation erodes both land and community. Nature, however, is not rendered passive; instead, it emerges as an active force that responds to exploitation through instability and collapse, ultimately reclaiming agency. This process suggests a form of restorative justice; wherein ecological systems assert limits against human excess. By situating local environmental destruction within a broader moral framework, the story challenges dominant narratives of progress and development in postcolonial India. It calls attention to the marginalization of rural communities and the erasure of traditional ecological knowledge. Ultimately, "Dust on the Mountain" advocates a harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world, making it a resonant literary intervention in contemporary environmental debates surrounding sustainability, justice, and ethical development.

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 Keywords

Ecocriticism, Environmental Degradation, Industrialization, Indigenous Knowledge, Himalayan Ecology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research paper presents a comprehensive overview of the Government Securities (G-Sec) market in India, aiming to provide a foundational and analytical perspective on its structure, evolution, and significance within the Indian financial ecosystem. The study adopts a multi-pronged approach that blends historical context, regulatory developments, and market trends to outline how the G-Sec market has emerged as a cornerstone of the country's fixed-income segment. The analysis begins by tracing the evolution of the G-Sec market, from its inception to the present, highlighting key policy milestones such as the introduction of auctions, dematerialization, and the development of the secondary market. It delves into the classification of securities such as dated G-Secs, treasury bills (T-Bills), and State Development Loans (SDLs) while explaining their issuance processes, investor base, and maturity structures. Core sections of the paper evaluate critical market components including yield curves, interest rate dynamics, liquidity patterns, and the role of primary dealers and institutional investors like banks, insurance firms, and mutual funds. Emphasis is placed on recent innovations such as STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities), and the growing participation of retail investors via platforms like RBI Retail Direct. Further, the research contextualizes the Indian G-Sec market within the global fixed-income landscape, comparing yields, monetary transmission effectiveness, and fiscal linkages. Quantitative insights are supported by RBI bulletins, CCIL reports, and market data to present trends in trading volume, outstanding issuances, and market depth. This integrated study offers a well-rounded understanding of the strategic importance of the G-Sec market in facilitating government borrowing, guiding monetary policy, and anchoring the domestic interest rate structure, thereby underlining its vital role in India's macro-financial stability.

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 Keywords

Government Securities, Indian Debt Market, RBI Monetary Policy, Fiscal Deficit, Treasury Bills (T-Bills), State Development Loans (SDLs), STRIPS, Yield Curve, Sovereign Bonds, Secondary Market Liquidity, Retail Participation, RBI Retail Direct, Open Market Operations (OMOs), NDS-OM, CCIL, Investor Base Diversification.

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 Abstract

Family planning method is one of the significant steps taken by the government to stabilize the population both economically and biologically. Family planning allows individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their birth which achieved through the use of contraceptive methods. According to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, among the 1.9 billion women of reproductive age (15-45 years) worldwide in 2021, 1.1 billion have the need for family planning. According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) data on 2021, shares that India current contraceptive prevalence is 66.7% and total unmet need is 9.4%. Our study is a descriptive study using convenient sampling technique. The data was collected in the month of June 2025 at Mohorgang, Gulma, Darjeeling, West Bengal. 50 married eligible couples between 15 to 45 years were included in this study. Prior to the data collection informed consent was obtained from the participants by signature. The study was approved by institute ethical committee, Anandaloke Institute of Nursing Education, Siliguri. The eligible couples who were not available at the time of data collection and the couple among which least one is health personal is excluded in this study. The data collection tool is self-structured. questionnaire and the technique used interview. Demographic data consist variables like age, sex, education, occupation of husband and wife, religion, type of family, age at marriage, duration of marriage, no. of pregnancy, age at first pregnancy, no. of living child, no. of abortion, no of still birth, informational sources, decision maker. 25 multiple type question about Family planning method is included in tool II, each question has one correct response providing one mark and in wrong response no mark provided.The findings of this study reveals that there is significant association between knowledge about family planning methods among eligible couple with the selected demographic variables such as age of husband chi square = 0 at df (1)0.05 level of significance, age of wife chi square = 0 at df (1)0.05 level of significance, education of husband chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance , education of wife chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, occupation of husband chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, occupation of wife chi square = 50 at df (4)0.05 level of significance, religion chi square = 0 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, type of family chi square = 50 at df (2)0.05 level of significance, age at marriage chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, duration of marriage chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, no of pregnancy chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, age of first child chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, no of living child chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, no of abortion chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, no of dead or still birth chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, source of information chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, decision maker chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance. The present study reveals that 30% couple has poor knowledge, 16% has good knowledge, 52% has average knowledge, 2% has excellent knowledge about Family planning method.

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 Keywords

ASSESS, KNOWLEDGE,FAMILY PLANNING METHODS, ELIGIBLE COUPLE

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition