Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Obesity is a major public health issue shaped by many factors beyond simple calorie intake, with nutrient composition and overall dietary quality playing crucial roles in metabolic health and the regulation of weight gain. Obesity is better understood as a metabolic and nutritional disorder rather than simply a calorie issue. Dietary quality and nutrient composition strongly shape metabolic health, with processed, calorie-dense foods promoting dysfunction and whole, nutrient-rich foods supporting healthy weight management. Effective obesity management must go beyond calorie counting and focus on improving dietary quality. Prioritizing whole, nutrient-dense foods in public health strategies can support more sustainable and effective obesity prevention and management. A literature review was conducted to analyze studies on food quality, nutrient composition, and their relationship with metabolism and obesity, with the aim of critically evaluating how dietary quality and nutrient composition influence obesity and overall metabolic health.

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 Keywords

Keyword - Obesity, Caloric intake, Diet quality, processed foods, Physical activity

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This has raised a concern of West Bengal in regards to the quality of primary education in the region despite the tremendous growth of enrollment, development of infrastructure, and policy interventions. Recent evaluations have shown that a high percentage of students in lower grades are not well equipped with basics in literacy and numeracy activities which is a sign of systemic failure in the processes of teaching-learning. In this paper, the significant issues that have contributed towards the decline are critically looked at which include teacher shortages, poor training, infrastructural disconnects, socio-economic hindrances, and administrative inefficiencies. Using the current reports, observations in the classroom, and secondary information, the research illuminates the collective effect of these factors as they negatively affect learning outcomes and increase educational inequalities especially in rural and disadvantaged communities. The paper also gives a discussion of evidence-based solutions that can be used to restore the primary education system. These involve fortification of basic learning courses, timely hiring of teachers, professional development, school infrastructure and encouragement of parental and community involvement. They are focussed on the incorporation of technology, open governance, and inclusive practices in accordance with NEP 2020. It claims that learners should be subjected to holistic and multi- level reforms to gain meaningful and long-lasting reforms in the standard of learning. Finally, the paper recommends a team-based solution that entails the government agencies, the teaching fraternity, the communities, and the civil society to regain the trust and revive the credibility of primary education in West Bengal.

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 Keywords

West Bengal, learning outcomes, foundational literacy, Teacher shortages, NEP 2020, school infrastructure, learning governance, social-economic barriers to education, and quality education.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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? ??????? : ???????, ???????????, ?????????, ??????????????, ?????????, ????? ???????, ??????????, ?????, ???????????????, ????, ???????, ??????, ??????, ??????????, ?????????, ???????? ???????.

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Over the past decade, the rapid spread of social media has fundamentally changed tourism education. It has reshaped not only how students learn but also how they communicate and build their professional identities. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence on the role of social media in the lives and learning of tourism students. Drawing on social constructivist theory, digital identity frameworks, and media learning approaches, it synthesizes literature published between 2022 and 2025 to explore how digital platforms affect students' academic engagement, emotional well-being, and career preparation. The review brings together insights from more than twenty recent scholarly studies and organizes the main findings into three closely connected areas of impact: o Cognitive and academic engagement through interactive digital environments; o Socio-emotional effects arising from online interaction and the curation of digital identities; o Professional development through digital self-presentation and networked learning opportunities. The analysis is informed by foundational theories, including Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, Vygotsky's Social Constructivism, and Goffman's Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, which help explain how students behave and develop within online tourism education spaces. The findings show that social media can significantly boost motivation, support collaborative learning, and provide valuable industry exposure. At the same time, it introduces important challenges, including digital fatigue, unhealthy self-comparison, and superficial forms of engagement. The paper concludes by proposing a conceptual model that captures the cyclical relationship between social media use, cognitive engagement, emotional mediation, and professional identity formation. It highlights the critical moderating roles played by digital literacy and institutional support. This synthesis adds to the growing conversation about digital transformation in tourism education. It underlines the importance of thoughtfully integrating social media into teaching practices, alongside training in emotional intelligence and ethical online behavior. The review offers practical insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers working to develop tourism curricula that are both resilient and well-adapted to the digital age.

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 Keywords

Social Media, Tourism Education, Tourism Students, Cognitive Engagement, Emotional Regulation, Professional Identity Construction, Social Constructivism, Social Cognitive Theory, Goffman's Presentation of Self, Digital Literacy, Institutional Mediation, Virtual Learning Environments, Experiential Learning, Emotional Well-Being, Career Readiness, Higher Education, Digital Pedagogy, Media and Communication Studies, Online Learning Behavior, Sustainable Tourism Education.

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More than 795 thousand people in the US experience a stroke, per year. Out of this, around 610 thousand are RST or new strokes. Strokes are a leading factor of mortality for Americans with 140 thousand people dying annually. [3] Stroke incidence has increased drastically in the young population, with over 20% of those affected being under the age of 45. Hemiparesis, which occurs following a stroke, is a significant motor impairment that affects up to 65 percent of stroke sufferers because of a high rate of muscle frailty. Muscle pain is a significant role in delayed recovery following a stroke in victims, and it is also a common symptom reported in patients. This can result in a patient's range of physical activities being limited or even immobilized. Between 30% and 60% of stroke victims report having less physical range in the damaged body portion when performing daily activities. The feasibility of a 4 by 4 excible sensor matrix which uses paper as a base is explored and a pressure sensor based on paper is developed. This helps reduce the cost and fabrication time. Additionally, the matrix's static and dynamic properties are discussed. Despite considerable variance in response between sensors due to the structural material qualities, the sensor may be efficiently used to continuously evaluate stroke rehabilitation patients' recovery. The matrix's performance is evaluated using a neural network that has been designed to recognize the location of a load using the values of individual sensors.

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Artificial Intelligence, Stroke, Recurrent Neural Network, Sensors

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The etiology, pathophysiology, and medication management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the main topics of this review. Insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion brought on by genetic and lifestyle factors cause type 2 diabetes, whereas type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that kills pancreatic beta cells, resulting in insulin insufficiency. Insulin therapy is the mainstay of type 1 diabetes management, with the help of newer alternatives like islet transplantation, stem cell therapy, and gene-based therapies. Oral and injectable drugs like metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, alfa glucosidase inhibitors, DPP 4 inhibitors, SGLT 2 inhibitors and GLP 1 receptor agonists are used to treat type 2 diabetes. Effective glycemic control and the avoidance of complications from diabetes depend on combination therapy and lifestyle changes.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Diabetes mellitus, Medication management, Pathophysiology, Etiology, Classification, Innovative therapies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The advancement of diffusion-based generative models has significantly transformed controllable image synthesis, enabling realistic rendering across diverse domains such as editing, and semantic manipulation. Despite these developments, virtual try-on--the task of synthesizing high-fidelity images of a target person wearing a new garment--remains technically challenging due to complex interactions between human pose, garment geometry, occlusions, and appearance fidelity. Existing GAN-based and deformation-based systems often struggle with texture misalignment, identity drift, and loss of garment details in high-resolution scenarios.This paper introduces SDM-VTON, a diffusion-based virtual try-on framework built upon the SDXL latent diffusion model and enhanced with Garment-Guided Cross-Attention (GGCA), a novel conditioning mechanism that integrates spatially aligned garment features into the U-Net denoising process. SDM-VTON includes (1) a multi-scale GarmentNet encoder-decoder that extracts hierarchical clothing features; (2) an image-conditioned adapter that injects CLIP-based semantic embeddings into transformer layers; and (3) a Try-On U-Net augmented to accept pose, segmentation, and mask priors for geometry-aware inpainting. The system is trained end-to-end in latent space, enabling identity preservation, accurate garment transfer, and superior texture reconstruction compared to prior state-of-the-art diffusion models such as LaDI-VTON and FITMI. Extensive experiments on the VITON-HD and Dress-Code datasets demonstrate that IDM-VTON achieves new benchmarks across SSIM, LPIPS, FID, KID, and CLIP Score. This work establishes SDM-VTON as a robust, workspace-native virtual try-on system suitable for next-generation e-commerce, digital dressing rooms, and personalized fashion visualization.

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 Keywords

[Virtual try-on, diffusion models, SDXL, cross-attention, CLIP, humanpose estimation, latent diffusion, semantic alignment]

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Kerala's acclaimed "Model of Development," characterised by high literacy, robust healthcare, and gender equity, has long been viewed as a benchmark for social progress in India. Yet persistent challenges--rising mental health concerns, lifestyle diseases, unemployment, ecological vulnerability, and declining community vitality--highlight the limitations of conventional metrics like GDP and HDI in capturing true well-being. This paper argues for integrating Bhutan's Gross National Happiness (GNH) framework into Kerala's development planning, given the cultural, social, and environmental parallels between the two regions. GNH's multidimensional approach, encompassing psychological well-being, time use, cultural resilience, and environmental stewardship, offers a more holistic measure of progress. Through a critical review of Kerala's current socio-economic indicators, the study identifies policy gaps and proposes a locally adapted GNH-based framework, embedded in participatory governance and linked to resource allocation. By complementing economic indicators with happiness metrics, Kerala can move towards a development model that ensures not just material prosperity but sustainable, inclusive, and meaningful well-being for all citizens.

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 Keywords

Kerala Model, Gross National Happiness, development planning, well-being indicators, policy integration

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Th?la occupies a foundational position in Bharatanatyam, functioning simultaneously as a structural framework and an aesthetic life-force. While rhythm is often understood as a temporal guide that regulates movement, its deeper role lies in shaping bodily discipline, expressive continuity, and aesthetic fulfilment. This paper examines th?la as an embodied rhythmic principle that governs the organisation of movement and facilitates the realisation of bh?va and rasa in Bharatanatyam. Through a critical engagement with classical texts, dance theory, and performance practice, the study argues that th?la is not merely an external metric but an internalised rhythmic consciousness that integrates body, time, and emotion. The paper highlights how rhythmic internalisation transforms technical execution into an aesthetically meaningful experience, thereby establishing th?la as a unifying force between structure and aesthetics in Bharatanatyam.

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 Keywords

Th?la, Bharatanatyam, Rhythm, Structure, Aesthetics, Bh?va, Rasa, Laya, Performance Practice

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Information Technology (IT) sector plays a significant role in the economic growth of India by contributing to employment generation, foreign exchange earnings, and technological advancement. Among the leading IT companies in India, Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) has emerged as a dominant player with consistent financial performance, strong profitability, and global presence. The present study aims to analyse the financial performance of Tata Consultancy Services Limited using ratio analysis and trend analysis. The study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports of TCS for a period of five years from 2019-20 to 2023-24. Key liquidity, profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios have been applied to assess the company's financial health. The findings reveal that TCS has maintained stable profitability, efficient asset utilization, and a strong capital structure during the study period. The study provides useful insights for investors, academicians, and financial analysts in evaluating the financial soundness of TCS.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Financial Performance, Ratio Analysis, Trend Analysis, IT Sector, Tata Consultancy Services

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition