Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

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The existing model of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) is marked by lengthy timelines, exponentially rising expenses, and a clinical trial failure rate surpassing 90%, leading to considerable uncertainty in the portfolio. This review explores the revolutionary use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in forecasting the chances of regulatory approval for pharmaceutical candidates. AI models provide a robust decision-support system by combining various datasets, such as molecular properties, preclinical findings, clinical trial information, and past regulatory results. Essential processes include Natural Language Processing (NLP) for deriving insights from unstructured documents and the application of predictive modeling to estimate success chances. We examine the strategic effects of R&D prioritization, as well as the significant issues concerning data bias, the opaque characteristics of algorithms, and the need to create Explainable AI (XAI) frameworks to build regulatory confidence and expedite the provision of safe and effective treatments.

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Drug Approval Prediction, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Clinical Trials, Portfolio Management, Explainable AI (XAI), Regulatory Risk

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A strategic instrument for influencing consumer behavior, integrated marketing communication (IMC) is especially useful for teens, who are particularly sensitive to marketing and media stimuli. Determining the association of different IMC tools--public relations, social media marketing, sales promotion, advertising, and personal selling--on the buying behavior of male and female teenagers is the goal of this study. The study examines 100 teenagers between the ages of 13 and 19 using a structured questionnaire. The results demonstrate a significant association between gender and buying behavior based on Direct marketing, Advertising, Personal selling, and Sales promotion, and an insignificant association with Public relations.

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IMC Tools, Buying behavior, Teens, Gender, Association

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The problem of motorcycle collisions is one of the leading issues of road safety, but the danger is not constant all the time and all day. vehicle characteristics. This paper conducts statistical research into the data on motorcycle crashes to address three useful questions: (1) at what times of the day collisions were concentrated (and are still concentrated) (peak hours), (2) are collisions. more probable on weekends than on weekdays, and (3) patterns of collision varying between vehicle makes and whether make and day type are independent variables. We start with descriptive profiling of collision frequency by car model and time of collision, and a sharp peak in late-afternoon hours. Next, we use Bayes' Rule to compare the conditional likelihood of observing a crash on weekends versus weekdays. Finally, we test the independence of vehicle make and day type using Pearson's Chi-Square test, finding strong evidence of dependence between make and whether a collision occurs on a weekday or weekend. Together, these results suggest that motorcycle collision occurrence varies meaningfully with temporal context and vehicle-make composition, motivating targeted safety messaging and enforcement strategies that align with peak-hour and weekend-driven risk patterns

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Motorcycle collisions; peak hours; weekend effect; Bayes' Rule; chi-square test; independence testing

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This article explores the transformative impact of British colonial educational policies on the Indian subcontinent, specifically the introduction of English as a medium of instruction and its subsequent role in fostering both a new intelligentsia and a linguistic divide. It further examines the reactive rise of regional language movements, culminating in the establishment of the Kerala Bhasha Institute. By analyzing the Institute's fifty-year history, the study evaluates its role in bridging the gap between scholarly knowledge and the vernacular, ensuring that Malayalam remains a vibrant medium for scientific, technological, and academic discourse.

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The Dual Legacy: Colonial Education, Regional Languages, and the Evolution of the Kerala Bhasha Institute

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This conceptual paper outlines a model, rooted deeply in established theory, that aims to decode the relationship between external marketing levers and final consumption results. The model investigates how core stimuli, such as pricing strategies, product availability, promotional deals, quality cues, product packaging, and social influence, directly affect consumer outcomes, including how often products are purchased, whether a brand is adopted, the variety of products bought, and overall spending. The framework is built upon the foundational principles of several key behavioral theories: Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) Theory, Trait Activation Theory (TAT), Signalling Theory, Social Influence Theory, and Consumer Personality Theory. Crucially, the model proposes that inherent consumer traits specifically perfectionism, brand consciousness, novelty seeking, and price consciousness do not just influence, but act as essential moderating mechanisms. These traits filter and shape the impact of external marketing cues, ultimately translating them into specific consumer buying behaviors. The paper concludes by consolidating these theoretical foundations and formally presenting conceptual propositions that can be tested through future empirical research.

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Marketing Stimuli, Consumer Traits, Consumption Outcomes

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The right to be forgotten (RTBF) is slowly gaining ground in India's legal landscape, but it remains unclear where it fits within the Constitution. While the Supreme Court recognized privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21, RTBF has not yet been fully embraced or clearly defined. This paper explores how RTBF could be integrated into Indian constitutional law without clashing with other fundamental rights like freedom of expression. It looks at recent court decisions, the new data protection law, and international examples to argue that India needs judicial clarity on this issue--sooner rather than later. The rapid expansion of digital technologies has fundamentally altered the relationship between individual privacy and public access to information in India. Personal data, once obscure or time-bound, now remains permanently accessible through search engines and online archives, often causing lasting reputational, social, and economic harm. In this context, the Right to Be Forgotten (RTBF) has emerged as a crucial yet contested facet of the broader right to privacy. While the Supreme Court of India, in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), recognized privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21, it stopped short of explicitly articulating the contours of RTBF. Subsequent judicial decisions and legislative efforts, including provisions under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, reveal an evolving but fragmented approach marked by inconsistencies and uncertainty. This paper argues that India urgently requires a clear constitutional stand on the Right to Be Forgotten to effectively balance individual dignity and autonomy against legitimate public interest, freedom of expression, and the right to information. It examines the doctrinal foundations of RTBF, comparative constitutional practices, and the challenges posed by vague statutory safeguards and ad hoc judicial balancing. The study contends that without constitutional clarity, RTBF risks either being overused to suppress public accountability or under-enforced, leaving individuals vulnerable to perpetual digital punishment.

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Right to privacy, Constitutional privacy, Informational privacy, Digital privacy, Data protection, Freedom of speech and expression, Digital footprint

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Nayi shiksha niti 2020 mein vidhyalayi aakalan mein 360 degree ki bhumika

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Nayi shiksha niti 2020 mein vidhyalayi aakalan mein 360 degree ki bhumika

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In both Confucius' Analects and The Republic , both philosophers discuss the importance of good governance and the qualities a ruler must possess to rule the people. Confucius mentioned governance many times in his work The Analects and was asked by his students on multiple occasions what his thoughts were on governing and ruling. Once Confucius' student Ji Kangzi asked him about government. Confucius replied, "To govern is to correct. If you lead the people with correctness, who would not be corrected?" This is an example of a virtue that Confucius sees is important to ruling and why. The virtue of correctness and the actions that follow will lead the people to be correct and correct themselves. Confucius emphasizes how important having these virtues are in ruling when speaking to Ji Kangzi again. The verse reads "Ji Kangzi was troubled by the thieves in his state. He asked Confucius what he should do about it. Confucius replied, "If you weren't so greedy, your people wouldn't steal, even if you offered them a reward for doing it." This quote helps build a picture of what Confucius thought on Governance and ruling. To rule meant to exemplifying certain virtues while eschewing vices. We will look at quotes like these and build a succinct picture of Confucius' views on governance to compare to Plato. Plato dedicated two chapters of his book The Republic to the question of that a philosopher is and what his use is in the world. Plato concluded that there are certain virtues that distinguish a philosopher from the common people. These virtues lead the philosopher to be of use in ruling the people. Plato saw that true philosophers love truth and wisdom while also hating untruths and lies. Plato saw the best kind of ruler was one who loved truth as much as one could love a good sight or sound. In The Republic the character Socrates is written saying as much as he talks to the character Glaucon, he says "Therefore the man who is really a lover of learning must from youth on strive as intensely as possible every kind of for truth." This man he describes is the philosopher. He writes later on in the chapter on why the philosopher is best fit to lead the people and rule them. He writes, as he is describing the allegory of The Ship of State, that "They don't know that for the true pilot it is necessary to pay careful attention to year, seasons, heaven, stars, winds, and everything that's proper to the art, if he is really going to be skilled at ruling a ship." The allegory of The Ship of State is that the philosopher has virtues and skills that allow him to flourish at ruling correctly. Like a ship that needs a knowledgeable and educated captain, the state needs a knowledgeable and capable ruler. We will explore the Ship of State allegory and other quotes from Plato as to give a clear picture of his philosophy and compare it to Confucius. Our paper will focus on both these philosophers works and look for similarities and differences in their views on governance. We will be pulling our research from their respected works and show what each philosopher claimed was necessary to be considered a good ruler and what virtues were necessary to lead the people. The We will look at these quotes and more to compare the two philosophers and their ideals on ruling. We can already see that both see virtues as imperative to ruling. One must, for the peoples sake, carry with them the virtue of wisdom and ability to learn before they are truly capable to rule. Both Confucius and Plato emphasize the importance of ruling for the people instead of for the power. Both write on how important this ruler is to keeping the country and society moral and orderly. We will look to see where these ideas align and where they do not. Both of these philosophers did have incompatible ideas that do not match up in their writings. We will explore these differences and show how each school of thought came to difference conclusions with the same goal in mind, imagining the criteria for good ruling.

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Confucian Philosophy, Plato Philosophy and Buddhist Philosophy , comparative analysis , Governance

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Abstract Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder that significantly affects quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a proven non-pharmacological intervention that improves functional capacity, symptom control, and self-management. However, lack of adequate knowledge among patients limits its effective utilization. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme (STP) on knowledge regarding pulmonary rehabilitation among clients with COPD. Methods: A quantitative evaluative research approach with a pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted. The study was conducted at a selected private hospital in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 200 clients diagnosed with COPD were selected using non-probability purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire. Following the pre-test, a structured teaching programme on pulmonary rehabilitation was administered. Post-test was conducted after seven days. Results: The mean post-test knowledge score was significantly higher than the mean pre-test score. Paired t-test revealed a statistically significant improvement in knowledge at p < 0.05, indicating the effectiveness of the structured teaching programme. Conclusion: The structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding pulmonary rehabilitation among clients with COPD. Incorporating such educational interventions into routine clinical practice can enhance patient participation and long-term disease management.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary rehabilitation, structured teaching programme, patient education, knowledge

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