Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Aahar Ka Prabhav: Sthaulya Ke Liye Ek Sampurna Drishtikon.

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Aahar Ka Prabhav: Sthaulya Ke Liye Ek Sampurna Drishtikon.

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Vaanabhatt Kee Drishti Se Naaree Kee Tapasya

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Vaanabhatt Kee Drishti Se Naaree Kee Tapasya

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Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) remains a leading cause of vision loss among diabetic patients globally, making its early detection and classification vital for effective treatment. Recent advancements in deep learning have shown significant promise in medical image analysis, particularly in ophthalmology. This paper proposes a comprehensive study on the application of transfer learning-based deep neural networks (DNNs) for the early detection and multi-stage classification of Diabetic Retinopathy using fundus images. Leveraging pre-trained convolutional neural networks such as VGG16, ResNet50, and InceptionV3, the model fine-tunes features to effectively classify the severity levels of DR, ranging from no DR to proliferative DR. The proposed approach is validated using benchmark datasets, achieving high accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, thereby demonstrating robustness in real-world clinical environments. The integration of transfer learning not only reduces the computational burden and training time but also enhances feature extraction capabilities, leading to improved diagnostic performance. This study emphasizes the potential of transfer learning-based DNNs as a reliable tool for ophthalmologists in the early detection and grading of Diabetic Retinopathy.

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Diabetic Retinopathy, Deep Neural Networks, Transfer Learning, Fundus Images, Early Detection, Classification, Convolutional Neural Networks, Medical Image Analysis, ResNet50, VGG16.

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Mosses (Bryophytes) are sensitive indicators of environmental variation due to their dependence on moisture, shade, substrate, and microclimatic conditions. Ranchi district of Jharkhand represents a mosaic of ecological habitats; however, bryophyte diversity in the region remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates the identification and external morphological variation of mosses collected from four distinct habitats: two from urban road side area and two from forest area. Moss samples were collected to identify and are examined for key morphological characters such as growth form, leaf architecture, colour, seta/capsule features, and substrate specificity. To study the external morphological response of moss during three seasons (summer, rainy, and winter) at four different locations for a period of one year. A total of four moss species belonging to three families were recorded. Species richness was highest in the moist riparian habitat and lowest in the urban habitat. Significant morphological plasticity was observed in species such as Entosthodon buseanus and Funaria hygrometrica, reflecting environmental stress gradients. The study highlights strong habitat influence on external morphology and underscores the importance of microhabitat conservation for maintaining regional bryophyte diversity.

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Mosses, Bryophytes, Morphology, Habitat variation, Species identification

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Evolution of Anti-Defection Law, 1985 in India and analytical study of defections and change of power in various states

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Evolution of Anti-Defection Law, 1985 in India and analytical study of defections and change of power in various states

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Intensification of land use and diversification of crop to multiply income generation, are the recent trends. During fieldwork, it was found that livelihood issues are overlooked because, there are ample evidence, where lack of basic needs, poverty and livelihood issues are rampant in rural Mizoram. Case studies of policy beneficiaries - cultivators, piggeries, poultry, fisheries, sugarcane farms and orchard farms and the outcomes of development policies initiated by state. The villagers opined that development policies are not effective, nor able to improve land use activities. The main objective of the study is to show the reproduction of poverty in upland in Mizoram. Why traditional livelihood cannot be altered and improvised for good? Examining the outcomes of privatization of community land is the scope, which the study wants to analyze during fieldwork. Examine the everyday livelihood hurdles. During fieldwork 2022, it was cleared that when community lands for farming got privatized, the outcome is the constriction of jhum land share for each household. Constriction of jhum land, intensification of land use and diversification of crops have been the emerging trends in the uplands.

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Jhum, Development Policies, Community farmland, Privatization

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In today's competitive job market, possessing technical knowledge alone is insufficient for securing employment through campus interviews. Employers increasingly emphasize soft skills--such as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, adaptability, and emotional intelligence--as essential indicators of a candidate's workplace readiness. This article explores the significance of soft skills for college students, highlighting the gap between academic learning and industry expectations. It examines key soft skills required during campus interviews, the challenges students face in developing them, and effective strategies for refinement, including self-assessment, workshops, extracurricular involvement, and mentorship. The role of colleges in integrating soft skill development into the curriculum and providing practical exposure is also discussed. Through case studies and practical examples, the article demonstrates how focused efforts on soft skill enhancement improve employability and interview performance. Finally, recommendations are provided for students to systematically cultivate these skills, ensuring success not only in campus interviews but also in long-term career growth.

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Soft Skills, Campus Interviews, Employability, Communication, Teamwork, Professional Development

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: Migraine, referred to as Shaqiqa in the Unani system of medicine, is a chronic, episodic headache disorder that predominantly affects one side of the head and has been documented since ancient times. Classical Unani scholars described Shaqiqa within the framework of humoral imbalance and deranged temperament (miz?j), emphasizing the influence of dietary habits, emotional states, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposures. In contrast, modern medicine characterizes migraine as a complex neurovascular disorder involving genetic predisposition, altered cortical excitability, trigeminovascular activation, and neurogenic inflammation. This narrative review explores the historical development of migraine concepts in Unani and modern medical literature and critically examines etiological factors and triggering mechanisms described in both systems. Classical Unani texts identify prolonged fasting, excessive exertion, menstrual irregularities, emotional stress, sleep deprivation, gastrointestinal disturbances, sensory overload, and specific dietary factors as major precipitants of Shaqiqa. Contemporary biomedical research reports remarkably similar triggers, including psychological stress, hormonal fluctuations, irregular sleep patterns, dietary components, sensory stimuli, and environmental changes. Despite differences in theoretical explanations, both traditions demonstrate striking convergence in clinical observations and preventive strategies. Integrating Unani and modern perspectives may therefore provide a more comprehensive understanding of migraine and support the development of patient-centered, integrative management approaches.

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; Migraine, Shaqiqa,, Sudae Nisfi, Adhasisi (Hemicrania), Sudae Ghasyani (Sick Headache), Akhlat -e- Arbaa ,,Humours ,Mizaj

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Earthquake-induced structural damage remains one of the most significant challenges in structural engineering, with recent seismic events highlighting the limitations of traditional force-based design approaches. This research paper examines the evolution from conventional force-based seismic design to performance-based design methodologies, exploring advanced structural systems that enhance building resilience and minimize post-earthquake damage. The paper investigates innovative technologies including base isolation systems, buckling-restrained braces, self-centering structures, and fiber-reinforced polymer retrofitting techniques. Through comprehensive analysis of recent case studies and emerging trends, this research demonstrates how performance-based seismic design combined with advanced materials and structural health monitoring can significantly reduce life-cycle costs while improving structural safety and post-earthquake functionality. The integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence in structural analysis further enhances predictive capabilities and optimization of seismic design parameters. The findings indicate that displacement-based design approaches provide more consistent and economical solutions compared to traditional methods, particularly in moderate seismic regions, while self-centering systems offer superior resilience through damage concentration in replaceable components and elimination of residual deformations.

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Performance-based seismic design, base isolation, buckling-restrained braces, self-centering systems, structural resilience, displacement-based design, fiber-reinforced polymers

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Rotheca serrata, Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant activity, Phenolic content, DPPH assay, Manipur

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