Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

The relationship between Human Rights, terrorism and counter-terrorism is a complex, three-way interaction. It is often described as a "delicate balance" where each element directly impacts the others, sometimes in reinforce ways and other times through conflict. Human rights are the legal boundary and the moral framework within which counter-terrorism must operate to be effective and legitimate. Terrorism is a violation of human rights. Counter-terrorism is a duty of the state to protect human rights.

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 Keywords

Human Rights, Terrorism, Counter-terrorism, Constitution

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 Abstract

Spatial information mining has emerged as a vital research domain as technological advancements continue to generate massive amounts of spatial data from diverse sources such as sensors, satellites, and mobile devices. Among various spatial data mining tasks, co-location pattern mining holds significant importance in geographical data analysis. It aims to identify subsets of spatial features or objects that frequently occur together within a given geographic space, revealing valuable spatial associations and dependencies. The fundamental concept underlying co-location pattern discovery is spatial proximity, which helps determine meaningful relationships among spatial entities distributed across large datasets. However, mining such co-location patterns is computationally expensive due to the high dimensionality and dense neighborhood relationships inherent in spatial data. To address these challenges, researchers have proposed several efficient spatial co-location mining algorithms capable of handling massive and complex datasets. This study introduces an alternative co-location pattern mining approach that utilizes the MapReduce parallel computing framework to improve scalability, reduce execution time, and optimize resource utilization. By distributing computational tasks across multiple nodes, the proposed method significantly enhances the performance of spatial mining operations. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of this framework, demonstrating that it achieves flexible, scalable, and efficient performance in processing large-scale spatial datasets, making it a robust solution for modern spatial data analysis challenges.

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 Keywords

Spatial Data Mining, Colocation Mining, Map-Reduce

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 Abstract

The growing need for faster and more energy-efficient digital systems has made it crucial to design effective Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs). Traditional ALU designs often struggle with issues related to power use, circuit complexity, and delays, especially as device sizes keep shrinking. This work details the design and implementation of an optimized 8-bit ALU using standard digital logic methods suitable for VLSI applications. The new architecture can perform a wide variety of arithmetic and logical operations while focusing on simpler hardware, lower delays, and better energy efficiency. A streamlined control unit is included to allow for smooth operation switching with minimal extra work. Simulation results show that the new ALU provides stable performance with lower power needs and reduced gate use compared to standard designs. These features make the proposed ALU a strong option for low-power embedded systems, high-speed processors, and modern digital computing platforms.

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 Keywords

CMOS, 180nm, VLSI, Multiplexer, Logic Unit, Digital Design, ALU

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 Abstract

Toni Morrison's Beloved (1987) is a profound exploration of the enduring trauma of slavery and its intergenerational impact on Black women, families, and communities. Set in post-Civil War Ohio, the novel examines how the haunting memories of enslavement persist through what Morrison terms "rememory," where the past continually intrudes upon the present. This article analyses the intersections of trauma, memory, and motherhood in Beloved, exploring how Morrison redefines freedom, love, and maternal identity within the psychological and historical "afterlife of slavery." The study highlights how Morrison transforms the physical and emotional scars of racial violence into acts of narrative resistance and moral reclamation. Through the central figure of Sethe, a mother whose act of infanticide embodies both defiance and grief; Morrison exposes the contradictions of motherhood under slavery and the radical dimensions of maternal love. The novel's fragmented structure, spectral imagery, and multiplicity of voices mirror the fractured nature of traumatic memory, while its womanist perspective situates motherhood as a site of both pain and empowerment. Ultimately, Beloved functions as a counter-archive that reclaims silenced histories and converts private anguish into collective remembrance, portraying motherhood not only as a burden but as an enduring act of resistance, survival, and spiritual healing.

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 Keywords

Trauma; Memory; Motherhood; Toni Morrison; Beloved

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Anti-wrinkle technology now in use is based on the fact that wrinkles are an inevitable consequence of aging owing to the destruction of scleroprotein fibers and considerable loss of collagen. Due to the stratum corneum's great resilience, conventional therapies like laser and Botulinum toxin have some disadvantages, such as adverse skin reactions, time-consuming treatment methods, and ineffective anti-wrinkle product penetration. In light of this, the cosmetics industry has developed a number of products based on solid and dissolvable microneedles (MNs) combined with antiwrinkle formulations, taking advantage of the patient-compliant technology of MNs to treat skin wrinkles. However, the high molecular weight of the medicines limits the use of these MNs for medication delivery. Although a greater variety of active agents can be delivered by hollow MNs (HMNs), this is an area of antiwrinkle technology that has not received much attention. In this study, we address this gap by discussing the potential of bioinspired 3D printed HMNs in the treatment of wrinkles on the skin. We contrast anti-wrinkling treatment alternatives from the past and present, as well as the methods and difficulties associated with their production and marketing.

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 Keywords

antirinkle agents; hollow microneedles; skin wrinkles; 3D printing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The evolution of modernism as a transformative literary movement, and the subsequent transitional shift from modernist to postmodernist paradigms, finds its intellectual roots in the Enlightenment movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The philosophers and thinkers of that era advocated for a radical shift in the human perception of the world, prioritizing objective, rational methodologies of thought over the adherence to perceived delusions or superstitions. Following this trajectory, modernist writers systematically rejected traditionalist or conventional notions of art, instead generating literary works characterized by a callous, bleakly realistic, and often starkly unembellished perspective. Postmodernism, however, ventures significantly further in its sophisticated depiction of 'reality,' as the writers associated with this period intentionally replaced traditional illusionism with complex modes of abstraction. Kurt Vonnegut Jr. occupies an exceptionally prominent position at the absolute forefront of postmodern art due to his deliberate destabilization of the dominant discourses of religion, science, technology, and historical progress. He achieves this through the intricate intertwining of diverse narrative techniques situated within the specific rhetorical framework of black humor. The present study endeavors to critically examine the specific metafictional elements that Vonnegut employs throughout Cat's Cradle, focusing specifically on how these techniques facilitate a profound defamiliarization of the real. It is this systematic disruption of the reader's expectations and the subversion of established truths that ultimately imparts a distinctiveness and an enduring postmodern resonance to his literary work.

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 Keywords

Postmodernism, narrative strategies, defamiliarization, metafiction, intertextuality.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The ever-expanding use of code-mixed language, mainly on social media platforms, has resulted in challenges for natural language processing (NLP) tasks, due to its irregular writing pattern and the application of multiple languages within a sentence or phrase. Code-mixing of Gujarati-English is increasingly common in multilingual communities, as Gujarati diaspora around the world switch between their mother tongue and English while commenting/twitting/posting their views. In this paper, we present an efficient solution for word level language identification for low resource scenarios by application of fine-tuned version of DistilBERT--a lightweight transformer-based model. Our dataset consists of code-mixed social media comments from YouTube with each word annotated as one of three language tags: Gujarati, English, or Other. It comprises of 77,761 annotated sentences containing 732,917 words, with language labels distributed as 56.06% Gujarati (GJ), 36.77% English (EN), and 7.10% Other (OT). The distinctive part of this work is its fine-tuning process which is entirely conducted using CPU by dividing the training data into chunks of 1000 sentences each. This chunk-based training allows the large dataset to be processed in incremented versions by preserving the optimizer and scheduler states through different iterations. The proposed model gained an accuracy of 97.09%, precision of 97.02%, recall of 97.09%, and F1-score of 97.01%. These results outperform our baseline ML based Random Forest Model which was trained on hand crafted features and achieved accuracy of 91.2%. This proves the effectiveness of transformer-based fine-tuning for language identification in code-mixed contexts.

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 Keywords

DistilBERT, NLP, LID

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 Abstract

Diabetes mellitus represents a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and impaired glucose homeostasis affecting hundreds of millions individuals globally with profound implications for morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. Conventional pharmaceutical therapies including insulin preparations and synthetic oral agents, while therapeutically effective, demonstrate variable individual responses and substantial adverse effect profiles limiting long-term clinical applicability. Medicinal plants represent valuable therapeutic reservoirs containing diverse phytochemical compounds demonstrating significant antidiabetic properties through multiple complementary mechanisms. Contemporary scientific investigation validates traditional herbal medicine approaches through comprehensive preclinical investigations and clinical trials demonstrating remarkable efficacy in glucose control and diabetes complication prevention. Phytochemical constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and saponins exert antidiabetic effects through diverse pathways encompassing enhanced insulin secretion, improved insulin sensitivity, inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, stimulation of pancreatic beta cell regeneration, and modulation of glucose transporters. Gymnema sylvestre demonstrates exceptional efficacy through mechanisms promoting pancreatic beta cell proliferation and suppressing sweet taste sensation reducing sugar consumption. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) activates multiple glucose uptake pathways including AMPK activation and GLUT4 translocation enhancing cellular glucose utilization. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion while improving hepatic glucose metabolism. Curcuma longa and related spices including cinnamon activate AMP-activated protein kinase pathways fundamentally regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Clinical evidence demonstrates herbal formulations reduce blood glucose levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and decrease hemoglobin A1c measurements with superior safety profiles compared with conventional agents. Emerging research emphasizes integration of evidence-based herbal therapeutics with pharmaceutical approaches enabling personalized medicine strategies optimizing individual therapeutic outcomes. Future advancement requires comprehensive long-term safety surveillance, standardization of herbal preparations, biomarker identification predicting responder populations, and development of evidence-based clinical guidelines facilitating informed therapeutic decision-making.

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 Keywords

Herbal Medicine, Antidiabetic Plants, Phytochemicals, Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose Control, Traditional Medicine, AMPK Pathway, Insulin Sensitivity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Barium ferrites substituted by tin (Sn) with general formula Ba1-xSnxFeO19 (x=0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3) have been prepared by co precipitation method by using the ammonium solution co percipient agent. The samples were characterized by X-ray (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD analysis confirms the hexagonal phase formation for all the compounds and indicates that all Sn ions are situated into the lattice of barium ferrite with extra pick of Fe2O3. The crystallite size of all the samples were measured from XRD data. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to observe the morphology of the synthesized Ba1-xSnxFeO19 ferrites. Temperature-dependent dc electrical resistivity of Tin doped Barium ferrites was investigated as a function Sn concentration. Here, in present study, the effects of Sn doping consecration on particle size and electrical properties are mainly studied.

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 Keywords

Barium ferrites, Ferromagnetism, Resistivity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In the infancy of science and technology, the number of people on earth was very small. At that time, people did not learn to use nature. They lived naked, eating raw fruits and meat, their natural needs were very limited. As a result of science and technology, people learned to use various natural resources such as water, soil, minerals, and forests to meet their various needs. People started using natural resources like iron, coal, etc. for production. As a result, natural resources in some regions decreased compared to demand. On the other hand, the environment continues to deteriorate due to mineral extraction and management, excessive deforestation, and natural processes. Irrenewable natural resources may eventually run out due to excessive use. It is feared that human civilization will face a major crisis in the 20th century.

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 Keywords

THE DEPLETION OF RESOURCES IN AN INDICATOR OF A DARK ERA FOR FUTURE GENERATION

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