Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 is a significant step in the democratic structure of India. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 is a significant step in the democratic structure of India. This proved to be a historic step. This amendment granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and strengthened public participation in rural governance. The most significant and far-reaching impact of this amendment was on women's political participation and social status. By providing women with reservations in Panchayats, they were constitutionally empowered to participate in the decision-making process, opening new avenues for their empowerment in rural society. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment ensured a minimum of 33 percent reservation for women at all levels: Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad. Reservations were also made for women from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. As a result, millions of women across the country emerged as elected representatives for the first time. This not only increased the number of women in political institutions but also enhanced their social identity and self-confidence. Women's participation in Panchayati Raj institutions made rural development priorities more humane and inclusive. Issues such as health, sanitation, drinking water, education, nutrition, and women and child welfare gained prominence on the Panchayats' agenda. Several studies have shown that women representatives have a better understanding of local needs and play a vital role in the effective implementation of social development

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Panchayati Raj, 73rd Constitutional Amendment, Women Empowerment, Reservation, Village Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad, political participation, leadership, decision-making, gender main ww equality, rural development, social justice, self-governance, Sarpanch, women representatives, education, health, mw sanitation, self-reliance, awareness, training, democracy, inclusion, rights, governance, social change, rural women, representation, empowered leadership, policy making, local govern

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Background: Pneumothorax is a common complication of navigational bronchoscopy for peripheral lung biopsies, occurring in 5-15% of cases. While high-concentration oxygen is known to accelerate resolution of spontaneous pneumothorax via nitrogen washout, its proactive intraoperative use as a mitigation strategy during bronchoscopy remains unexplored. Case Summary: A 56-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer underwent navigational bronchoscopy for biopsy of a 6-mm right middle lobe nodule. High-concentration oxygen was administered throughout the procedure. A moderate post-procedural pneumothorax was detected on chest X-ray but resolved significantly within 3 hours and completely by 24 hours without chest drain insertion. Serial imaging confirmed full resolution at 21-day follow-up. Conclusion: This case suggests that intraoperative high FiO? may harness the nitrogen washout effect to rapidly resolve iatrogenic pneumothorax, potentially avoiding invasive intervention. We propose a risk-stratified framework to guide targeted use--positioning oxygen not merely as a ventilatory support, but as an active safety lever in bronchoscopic lung biopsy.

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Keywords: navigational bronchoscopy; pneumothorax; nitrogen washout; high-concentration oxygen; peripheral lung biopsy; complication mitigation; FiO?; case report

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In all historical eras and among different peoples, a person's desire for self-expression and aesthetic decoration of their own appearance can be traced. In the absence of the necessary natural resources, people tried to create the desired forms by artificial means. In many cases, they used not their own hair, but alternative hair, which led to the development of the art of postiche (hair pieces made of natural or synthetic hair). At the present stage, a stylist-hairdresser cannot do without postiche products in the process of modeling and performing current hairstyles. Thanks to the use of alternative hair, it becomes possible to increase the volume of the hairstyle, lengthen the hair, complement the image with decorative elements made of hair, complex braids, avant-garde strands, chignons with extravagant coloring. In addition, postiche is actively used in combination with eyelash extensions, which contributes to the creation of a holistic, individual and artistically expressive image.

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alternative hair, hairdressing, fashion, style, modeling hairstyles, postiche products.

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In an era of intense competition, media clutter, and rising advertising costs, organizations are increasingly turning toward unconventional marketing strategies to capture consumer attention. Shadow marketing has emerged as a prominent yet controversial approach that enables firms to gain brand visibility without formal sponsorship or official association. This research paper presents an in-depth examination of shadow marketing, including its conceptual framework, historical evolution, strategic techniques, psychological underpinnings, ethical and legal considerations, and organizational impact in the digital economy. Through extensive theoretical discussion and real-world insights, the study highlights how shadow marketing influences consumer perception and decision-making while simultaneously challenging traditional notions of marketing ethics and sponsorship rights. The paper concludes that shadow marketing, when strategically and ethically managed, can serve as a powerful complementary marketing tool; however, irresponsible usage may lead to reputational damage and regulatory intervention.

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 Keywords

Shadow Marketing, Ambush Marketing, Consumer Psychology, Digital Strategy, Marketing Ethics.

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The large-scale generation of fly ash from coal-based thermal power plants presents serious environmental and land-use challenges. The present study investigates the development of fly ash reinforced polymer composites aimed at converting industrial waste into value-added engineering materials. Composite specimens were fabricated using a compaction-based technique followed by room-temperature curing, with fly ash content varied at 75 wt.%, 80 wt.%, and 85 wt.%. Mechanical properties were evaluated through hardness and compressive strength tests, while tribological performance was assessed under dry sliding conditions. Thermal conductivity measurements were conducted to examine insulation capability, and microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that hardness and wear resistance increase consistently with increasing fly ash content due to the ceramic nature of fly ash particles and improved load-sharing mechanisms. Compressive strength exhibited an optimum value at intermediate fly ash content, indicating a balance between reinforcement loading and matrix continuity. Thermal conductivity decreased significantly with higher fly ash content owing to hollow cenospheres, increased porosity, and interfacial thermal resistance. Microstructural observations confirmed uniform particle dispersion and effective interfacial bonding at optimum compositions. The study establishes a clear structure-property relationship and highlights the potential of fly ash reinforced polymer composites for structural, tribological, and thermal insulation applications

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Fly ash, Polymer composites, Mechanical properties, Tribological behavior, Thermal conductivity, Sustainable materials

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Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), a major complication of diabetes, continues to be one of the primary causes of avoidable vision impairment worldwide. As the number of individuals living with diabetes rises and access to specialized eye care remains limited in many regions, the need for timely and accurate DR detection becomes increasingly urgent. This survey explores modern, intelligent solutions aimed at improving DR screening, with a focus on integrating RetinoBot--a conversational AI tool--and automated deep learning frameworks to streamline diagnosis and enhance patient experience. The paper reviews the application of state-of-the-art image analysis models, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Vision Transformers (ViTs), both of which have shown high efficacy in interpreting retinal fundus images. It also examines how RetinoBot contributes to proactive patient involvement through features like health education, symptom reporting, and appointment scheduling, all delivered via natural language interaction. Furthermore, the role of Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) is analyzed for its ability to empower clinicians without coding expertise to develop, tune, and deploy DR detection models. By combining AI-powered chat interfaces with AutoML-driven diagnostics, this study highlights a scalable, patient-centric approach to DR management that promises to make eye care more efficient, inclusive, and personalized.

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Diabetic Eye Disease, RetinoBot System, AI-Powered Healthcare Chatbots, Self-Learning Deep Models, AutoML Techniques, Transformer-Based Vision Models, CNN-Based Image Processing, Retinal Image Interpretation, AI Solutions for Patient Engagement

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The Indian capital markets have undergone unprecedented transformation over the past decade, transitioning from a broker-intermediated system with substantial entry barriers to a digitally accessible marketplace available via mobile applications. This shift has facilitated mass participation among first-time investors attracted by zero-commission trading, expedited account activation, and real-time market information dissemination. Yet simultaneously, derivative market participants continue to experience persistent losses despite enhanced access to data and trading infrastructure. This research examines the paradox wherein technological advancement correlates with accessibility expansion while outcomes for many retail participants remain suboptimal. Drawing upon behavioral finance theory, market microstructure analysis, regulatory evidence, and platform design research, this study demonstrates that technology functions as an amplifier of existing investor behavioral patterns rather than as an independent determinant of outcome improvement. The implications suggest that sustainable retail participation requires integration of technological infrastructure with behavioral safeguards, investor education, and regulatory oversight incorporating choice architecture and friction mechanisms.

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Retail investors, financial technology, behavioral biases, market accessibility, regulatory governance

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This paper undertakes a Dalit feminist analysis of Baby Kamble's seminal autobiographical narrative, The Prisons We Broke (Jina Amucha, 1986). Moving beyond a singular focus on caste or gender, the analysis positions Kamble's work as a foundational text that illuminates the intersecting oppressions structuring Dalit women's lives in pre- and post-Ambedkarite Maharashtra. Employing Elaine Showalter's model of feminist literary criticism--particularly her concepts of the "wild zone" and "gynocritics"--as a dialogic framework, the paper argues that Kamble articulates a distinct Dalit feminist consciousness. This consciousness emerges from the specific material and corporeal experiences of Dalit women, challenging both patriarchal norms within the community and the Savarna-dominated feminist discourse. Through close reading, the paper examines Kamble's documentation of triple oppression (caste, class, gender), her portrayal of the Dalit female body as a site of abjection and resistance, and her celebration of collective awakening catalyzed by Ambedkarite movement. The paper concludes that The Prisons We Broke performs a dual act of breaking prisons: it dismantles the silent, "wild zone" of Dalit women's experience by bringing it into literary discourse, while simultaneously constructing a gynocritical tradition for Dalit feminism.

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 Keywords

Dalit Feminism, Baby Kamble, The Prisons We Broke, Elaine Showalter, Gynocritics, Wild Zone, Autobiography, Caste, Gender, Ambedkar

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Abstract: This paper provides a reinterpretation of Anne Sexton's poems "Menstruation at Forty" and "Housewife" through the theoretical lens of Julia Kristeva's seminal essay "Women's Time" (1981), which distinguishes between cyclical, monumental, and generational modes of feminine temporality. Anne Sexton's poetic language transforms menstruation and domesticity, which are often portrayed as confinement into rhythmic, semiotic acts of resistance against the linear, teleological, masculine temporality of patriarchal culture. Sexton's verses use rhythm, repetition, and corporeal imagery to stage the female body and household as temporal and linguistic sites where the symbolic order of progress collapses into recurrence and endurance. This paper situates Sexton's confessional poetics within Kristeva's framework to show how her language enacts rather than merely reflects theory: her menstruating and domestic speakers embody cyclical recurrence and monumental stillness as forms of revolt. This study argues that by merging Kristeva's psychoanalytic temporality with Sexton's confessional form, feminine time survives within poetic rhythm itself, where bleeding, cleaning, and enduring become modes of linguistic and ontological creation.

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Key Words: Anne Sexton, Confessional Poetry, Feminine Temporality, Julia Kristeva, Semiotic Resistance

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Apicoectomy, also known as root-end resection, is a surgical endodontic procedure performed to remove the apex of a tooth's root and the surrounding periapical infected tissue when conventional root canal therapy has failed or is not feasible[1]. It serves as a conservative approach to preserve natural dentition by eliminating persistent periapical pathology and promoting peri radicular healing. The success of an apicoectomy depends on precise case selection, thorough diagnosis, advanced surgical techniques, and the use of biocompatible root-end filling materials. Recent advancements, including the use of magnification with dental operating microscopes, ultrasonic retrograde instrumentation, and bioactive materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Bio dentine, have significantly improved treatment outcomes. This review discusses the indications, surgical procedures, materials, success rates, and future trends associated with apicoectomy, emphasizing its importance in modern endodontic microsurgery.

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Apicoectomy, Mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA), root end surgery, biodentine, Endodontic surgery, healing ,root canal

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