Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Nanotechnology has attracted considerable interest due to its wide-ranging applications in healthcare and environmental management; however, many conventional nanoparticle synthesis techniques rely on toxic chemicals and energy-intensive processes that raise environmental concerns. In this study, an environmentally benign and sustainable method was developed for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using soybean pod dry waste extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis was conducted under mild reaction conditions and was initially evidenced by a visible color change, followed by UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis, which showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band at 420 nm. Morphological examination using scanning electron microscopy revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with slight agglomeration. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed silver as the principal elemental component and indicated the presence of plant-derived biomolecules contributing to nanoparticle stabilization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy further demonstrated the involvement of phenolic, flavonoid, and proteinaceous functional groups in the reduction and capping processes. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant, concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. Overall, the findings underscore the potential of soybean pod dry waste as a low-cost and renewable resource for the eco-friendly synthesis of biologically active silver nanoparticles with promising antibacterial applications.

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 Keywords

Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Soybean pod dry waste, Antibacterial activity, Nanotechnology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid growth of digital platforms has transformed the way events are planned, managed, and executed. However, traditional event management practices still rely heavily on manual coordination, disconnected communication channels, and delayed service tracking, which often leads to inefficiencies and user dissatisfaction. This paper presents the design and development of a scalable Event Management Sys tem built using the MERN architecture, enhanced with Next.js for server-side rendering and Tailwind CSS for responsive, utility-first user interface design. The proposed system provides a centralized platform for event creation, service management, attendee registration, and real-time scheduling. By leveraging Next.js API routes and MongoDB's flexible data model, the application ensures high performance, scalability, and improved search engine visibility. The system aims to simplify the complete event lifecycle while delivering a seamless experience for organizers, administrators, and attendees

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Event Management, Next.js, Tailwind CSS, MERN Stack, Full-stack Development, Scalability.

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CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) represents a transformative advance in molecular biology, reshaping pharmaceutical research through precise and efficient genome editing. This technology enables targeted modification of genetic material in living cells, offering unprecedented potential for the treatment of genetic and complex diseases. CRISPR-Cas9 operates via three core steps: guide RNA-mediated target DNA recognition, Cas9-induced double-strand break formation, and cellular repair through non-homologous end joining or homology-directed repair. Recent innovations, including base editing and prime editing, have significantly improved editing accuracy while reducing unintended genomic alterations. Clinical translation has progressed rapidly, highlighted by the FDA approval of CASGEVY(TM) in December 2023 for sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent ?-thalassemia--the first approved CRISPR-based therapy. Therapeutic applications now span monogenic disorders, cancer immunotherapy via CAR-T cell engineering, viral infections, and neurological diseases, with ongoing clinical trials targeting HIV, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and inherited retinal disorders. Effective delivery remains a major challenge, though adeno-associated viruses, lipid nanoparticles, and lentiviral vectors show clinical promise. Persistent concerns include off-target effects, immunogenicity, scalability, and long-term safety. High-fidelity Cas9 variants and optimized guide RNA chemistries have substantially mitigated these risks. Future directions emphasize multiplexed and epigenetic editing, integration with conventional therapies, and AI-assisted CRISPR design. Collectively, CRISPR-based therapeutics are poised to shift medicine from symptomatic treatment toward durable genetic correction and precision healthcare.

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 Keywords

CRISPR-Cas9, Gene Editing, Base Editing, Prime Editing, CAR-T Cell Therapy, Drug Delivery, Off-Target Effects, Genetic Disorders, Clinical Applications, Pharmacology

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Abstract: The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders globally, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic syndrome, represents one of the most significant public health challenges of the twenty-first century. The limitations of conventional pharmaceutical treatments--including high costs, adverse effects, and incomplete therapeutic benefits --have motivated intense scientific interest in plant-derived therapeutic agents. Phytopharmacology, the study of pharmacologically active plant compounds, offers a promising avenue for developing safe, effective, and accessible therapeutic interventions for metabolic pathologies. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on the role of bioactive plant constituents--including polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids--in ameliorating metabolic dysfunction through multiple molecular mechanisms. Key findings indicate that phytochemicals can modulate glucose homeostasis, improve insulin sensitivity, regulate lipid metabolism, reduce oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and restore gut microbiota balance. Clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials demonstrates meaningful improvements in glycemic parameters, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and anthropometric measures when patients receive standardized herbal preparations as adjunctive or complementary therapies alongside conventional management strategies. This comprehensive review examines the phytopharmacological basis of metabolic disorder management, evaluates clinical evidence supporting specific plant extracts and isolated compounds, explores molecular mechanisms of action, addresses safety and standardization considerations, and discusses future perspectives for integrating phytotherapy into evidence-based clinical practice. Metabolic Disorders, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Phytopharmacology, Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, Insulin Resistance, Herbal Therapy

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Metabolic Disorders, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Phytopharmacology, Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, Insulin Resistance, Herbal Therapy

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Abstract Blended learning--mixing classroom teaching with online tasks--has quickly gained ground in higher education; students might discuss ideas in person one day and log in for a virtual lab the next. This study looks at how combining online and in-person teaching affects college students' grades, tracking results from classes where laptops hum beside the buzz of conversation. Researchers studied undergraduate students taking specific courses that blended traditional classroom sessions with online lessons, like watching recorded lectures and meeting in person for group projects. We used a quasi-experimental design and gathered data from student performance records, survey responses, and quick classroom observations--the scratch of pencils still fresh in the air. Students who experienced blended learning showed stronger grades, stayed more engaged, and took charge of their own study habits--often diving into assignments late into the evening--than those in standard classroom setups. Students said the freedom to reach their lessons online helped them grasp ideas more clearly and juggle their time better--like reviewing a tricky formula over coffee at midnight. Still, they found obstacles like low digital literacy and spotty internet connections--sometimes the signal cut out mid-call. The study finds that when blended learning is thoughtfully designed and backed by solid training and reliable tech--like fast, glitch-free software--it can make a real difference in how well students perform. We suggest ways to strengthen faculty development programs and campus policies so blended learning becomes a lasting part of higher education--like ensuring every classroom hums with both online and in-person energy.

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Keywords: Blended learning, academic performance, higher education, student engagement, online learning,

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Turtles All the Way Down by John Green explores the inner world of Aza Holmes, a teenage girl who struggles with persistent anxiety and obsessive thoughts. The novel emphasizes Aza's internal experiences, portraying her psychological struggle as a form of mental confinement. Mental confinement refers to the repetitive and uncontrollable thoughts that dominate Aza's mind, creating fear, doubt, and emotional tension. Intrusive thoughts repeatedly enter her consciousness, shaping her actions and limiting her emotional freedom, while isolating her within her own mind. Through moments of self-reflection, Aza begins to question the validity of her fears and recognize patterns in her intrusive thinking. This questioning does not eliminate her anxiety but allows her to manage it more effectively and reduces the intensity of emotional distress. Emotional support from friends and loved ones further aids her in coping with these struggles, highlighting the importance of interpersonal relationships in navigating mental challenges. By focusing on awareness and emotional endurance rather than complete recovery, the novel presents a realistic portrayal of psychological struggle. This study demonstrates that Green's narrative fosters understanding and empathy, showing that mental confinement and intrusive thoughts are ongoing challenges that can be approached with reflection and support. Ultimately, the novel emphasizes resilience and relational care as key elements in enduring mental struggle.

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Aza Holmes, Mental confinement, Intrusive thoughts, Anxiety, Resilience, Coping strategies.

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The traditional landscape of pedagogy is undergoing a profound 'Digital Renaissance,' a transformative era where the integration of advanced technology is not merely an additive tool but a fundamental catalyst for structural change. This paper explores the multidimensional role of integrated technology--encompassing Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR), and Big Data analytics--in redefining the relationship between educator, learner, and curriculum. Historically, education operated on a localized, one-size-fits-all model. The current technological shift has shattered these barriers, facilitating personalized learning pathways that adapt in real-time to a student's cognitive pace and style. By leveraging AI-driven platforms, educators can make transition from primary information deliverers to facilitators of critical thinking, while data analytics allow for early intervention and precision in tracking student development. Furthermore, immersive technologies like VR bridge the gap between abstract theory and experiential practice, providing students with access to simulated environments that were previously inaccessible or cost-prohibitive. However, this renaissance is not without its complexities. The paper critically examines the digital divide, noting that while technology offers the promise of democratization, it risks exacerbating existing socioeconomic disparities if infrastructure and digital literacy are not addressed equitably. Ethical considerations regarding data privacy and the potential for algorithmic bias also necessitate a robust regulatory framework. Ultimately, the Digital Renaissance represents a shift toward a holistic, interconnected educational ecosystem. It concludes that for technology to truly reshape education for the better, the focus must remain on "human-centric" integration--ensuring that digital tools amplify human potential rather than replace the essential social and emotional nuances of the learning experience.

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Digital renaissance; Integrated technology; Modern education; Educational digitization

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract Background: Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) remains a major public health issue in developing countries, particularly affecting children under five years of age. Rural areas, such as Farrukhabad, often face challenges related to inadequate maternal knowledge, limited access to healthcare, and poor nutritional practices. Enhancing mothers' awareness is crucial to prevent and manage PEM effectively. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the existing knowledge of rural mothers regarding Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention in improving their understanding. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design with pre-test and post-test was adopted. The study was conducted among 60 rural mothers of under-five children in selected villages of Farrukhabad using purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge before and after a structured teaching program on PEM. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The pre-test findings revealed that a majority of mothers had inadequate knowledge about the causes, signs, prevention, and management of PEM. After the educational intervention, there was a statistically significant improvement in the post-test knowledge scores (p < 0.05). The mean post-test score was notably higher than the mean pre-test score, indicating the effectiveness of the teaching program.

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? Assess: The process used to identify the level of knowledge of rural mother of under five-year children regarding protein energy malnutrition ? Knowledge: The information regarding protein energy malnutrition elicited through structured knowledge questionnaire ? Rural: It refers to the village Community ? Protein energy malnutrition: A range of pathological conditions arising from coincident lack of varying proportions of protein and calories, occurring most frequently in infants and young

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The availability and accessibility of safe drinking water are major challenges for tribal-dominated mountainous regions, which still persist due to undulating terrain, dense forest cover, dispersed settlements, complex socio-economic conditions, etc. To overcome these challenges, Govt. of India has taken an initiative to provide safe drinking water to every rural household through the introduction of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) in 2019. This study aims to assess the impacts of the JJM scheme on the availability, accessibility, reliability and quality of the water supply and its impact on socio-economic conditions, health improvement and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1. Results indicate that, provision of safe drinking water within the household premises has increased five-fold between 2011 and 2025, which drastically changed the scenario of drinking water supply for this region. It also helped significantly in achieving SDG 6.1 through the provision of a safe and reliable drinking water supply. This scheme has significantly improved the health condition of this region by reducing the occurrence of water-borne diseases since pre-implementation time. Even it helps to save he amount of man-day hours earlier lost due to collecting water from far distances. Overall, it helps to improve women's empowerment by reducing their burden of collecting water from far distances. The spatial variability of the implementation of this scheme also shows that context-specific project planning is required for getting full benefit from these types of infrastructure-related project rather than universal models. Overall, this study shows a positive impact of the JJM scheme on long-term issues related to water supply for this region.

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Jal Jeevan Mission; Darjeeling Himalayan Region; Health condition; well-being; Safe drinking water; Sustainable Development Goals

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GRDDS represents a pioneering approach within the pharmaceutical sector, aimed at enhancing therapeutic outcomes through several key advantages such as simplified dosage administration, enhanced patient compliance, and increased formulation adaptability. This comprehensive review focuses on oral drug delivery systems, particularly Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery Systems (GRDDS), which serve as reservoirs for drugs and facilitate controlled release over a defined period. The primary objective of GRDDS is to augment the bioavailability of drugs. The review encompasses a detailed examination of the fundamental anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, the prerequisites for gastroretention drugs, the rationale behind gastro retention, the factors influencing gastro retentive time, as well as an analysis of the merits and drawbacks associated with GRDDS. Additionally, it delves into recent advancements in Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery Systems.

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 Keywords

GRDDS; Approaches; Floating Drug Delivery System; Effervescent System; Raft Forming system; Factors Affecting Gastro Retentive Time

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition