Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Environmental governance in India largely depends on the effectiveness of regulatory institutions such as the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Despite a comprehensive legal framework under the Water Act, Air Act, Environment (Protection) Act concerns persistent of environmental pollution. This study critically examines the performance of the CPCB during 2023-2024 through the practical use of the RTI Act as an evaluative tool. The core problem addressed is the gap between CPCB's statutory responsibilities and its actual functioning as revealed through RTI disclosures relating to staffing, fund allocation and utilization, complaint handling, and public awareness initiatives. The research aims to assess CPCB's administrative performance, evaluate the effectiveness of the RTI Act in environmental monitoring and identify systemic deficiencies affecting regulatory outcomes. This study adopts a socio-legal approach combining doctrinal analysis with empirical examination of RTI applications filed with the CPCB and the responses received. These responses are critically analyzed for accuracy, completeness, timeliness and compliance with RTI rules. The findings reveal significant staffing shortages, inconsistencies in financial data reporting, limited disclosure practices, procedural irregularities and weak follow-up mechanisms in complaint redressal system. Although CPCB generally complies with RTI timelines, the quality and reliability of information provided remain questionable. The study concludes that while the RTI Act has potential as a tool for strengthening environmental governance, its impact remains limited without significant institutional reforms, improved data management system and greater administrative accountability within the CPCB.

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 Keywords

Central Pollution Control Boards (CPCB), Right to Information (RTI), The Air Act, The Water act, Environment Protection Act, Transparency, Environment Monitoring, Public Governance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Background: Dialysis is a medical treatment that removes waste materials and extra fluid from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to work properly. During this process, blood is taken out of the body and passed through a machine that cleans it before returning it. Under normal conditions, the kidneys filter the blood, removing harmful substances and excess water and producing urine to be excreted from the body. Dialysis performs this essential function when the kidneys fail, preventing waste products from building up in the bloodstream and causing illness. Objectives: 1) To assess the level of Muscle cramps among the hemodialysis patients. 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of Leg Exercises on Muscle cramps. 3) To find the association between level of muscle cramp scores with selected socio-demographic variables. Hypothesis: H1: The mean post-test level of muscle cramps scores will be significantly higher than mean pretest level of muscle cramps. H2: There will be significant association between post-test level of muscle cramps scores with selected socio-demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance. Methodology: The research design consisted of pre-experimental research design of one group pretest and post-test design. The population selected for the study was hemodialysis patients in selected Hospitals at Vijayapur, Karnataka. The study samples were 40 hemodialysis patients and were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The development of the tool involved steps of test construction i.e. preparing the blue print, selection of items, content validation and establishment of reliability. The content validity of the questionnaire was done and modifications were done according to the suggestions given by the experts. Pre-testing and reliability of the tools were done. The reliability coefficient of the cramp score was found to be 0.893.The tool was found to be reliable. Results: Out of 40 Hemodialysis patients, majority 28(70.0%) of the Hemodialysis patients had mild cramps, followed by 7(17.5%) of the Hemodialysis patients had moderate cramps, very few 5(12.5%) of the Hemodialysis patients had severe cramps and there were no Hemodialysis patients with no cramps. After leg Exercises techniques, 65% of the Hemodialysis patients had Mild cramps, 20.0% of the Hemodialysis patients had no cramps, 10.0% of the Hemodialysis patients had Moderate cramps and remaining 05% of the Hemodialysis patients had severe cramps. The mean pre-test pain score was 3.42 while mean post test score was 2.12 and difference in mean pre-test and post test score was highly significant with t-value =9.93 with p-value < 0.0001. Conclusion and Recommendations: The result of the study concluded that, there was a significant improvement obtained following leg exercises on muscle cramps. This study recommended that there is an immense need of leg exercises in dialysis hospitals areas to prevent the muscle cramps of dialysis patients.

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Keywords: Leg exercises, Muscle cramps, Dialysis patients.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry represents one of the most significant innovations in analytical chemistry, fundamentally transforming how pharmaceutical scientists measure and identify compounds in complex biological matrices. This comprehensive review synthesizes contemporary knowledge regarding hyphenated LC-MS techniques, exploring the scientific principles underlying these powerful analytical systems, examining practical considerations for implementing robust bioanalytical methods, and discussing the regulatory frameworks that have established LC-MS/MS as the gold standard for pharmaceutical bioanalysis. Hyphenated techniques elegantly overcome the individual limitations of single analytical approaches by strategically combining complementary methodologies--chromatographic separation provides the essential first stage of selectivity by temporally resolving chemically similar compounds, while mass spectrometric detection offers unparalleled sensitivity and structural specificity through precise mass measurement and tandem fragmentation analysis. The convergence of these capabilities enables detection of pharmaceutical compounds and metabolites at concentrations previously impossible to measure, particularly important for characterizing drug metabolism, supporting therapeutic drug monitoring, and enabling personalized medicine approaches. This review examines fundamental instrumentation principles, explores practical method development workflows, discusses comprehensive validation requirements, addresses persistent analytical challenges including ion suppression and matrix effects, and evaluates emerging technological innovations expanding LC-MS capabilities. Contemporary regulatory frameworks, particularly guidance from the FDA, European Medicines Agency, and International Conference on Harmonization, have established specific expectations for LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method development and validation, reflecting the critical role these methods play in ensuring pharmaceutical product quality and patient safety. The integration of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry has enabled unprecedented analytical throughput, with modern systems analyzing hundreds of samples daily while maintaining exceptional sensitivity and selectivity. Future developments incorporating artificial intelligence, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and advanced sample preparation innovations promise continued expansion of bioanalytical capabilities, ensuring LC-MS/MS remains the essential analytical foundation supporting contemporary pharmaceutical development and clinical diagnostics.

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Keywords: Hyphenated techniques, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS, bioanalytical methods, mass spectrometry, method validation, pharmaceutical analysis, tandem mass spectrometry, bioavailability, metabolite identification

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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"Local government is not the lowest level of governance; it is the closest to the people." One of the most significant international sustainability challenges is the overexploitation of resources and increased pollution levels linked to ever-increasing consumption and production. The production and consumption of goods and services can have a significant global impact on the environment and society. Achieving sustainable development depends on comprehensive approaches that integrate consumption and production initiatives. The function of local government (LG) in national development is inextricably linked. In that sense, the question is not whether we feel the local government is ready to take on new duties and authority--although some argue that it is not--but how. The importance of sustainable consumption is exaggerated at the expense of the more critical production side. Understanding the role that various levels of government can play in incentivizing sustainable consumption and production is thus vital. We see a minimal emphasis on sustainable consumption in general, or if it is realized at the local level. Against this backdrop, this paper reviews the latest evidence on the importance, effectiveness, successes, and failures of local governments in advancing sustainable consumption and production. This study attempts to assess responses to the following concerns. What is the importance of SCP and the definition of sustainable consumption at the local government level? What instruments have been employed in local government intervention to promote sustainable consumption (administrative, economic, informational, research and development, public ownership/investment, or networking tools)? Have these remedies been evaluated, and if so, how effective were they found to be? What have been the hurdles to and the success factors in local governments' adoption of sustainable consumption initiatives? Possible solutions to overcome the obstacles.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sustainable cconsumption, Sustainable Production, Local Self Government

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Global supply chains have become the new battlefield in a world of geopolitical contention, technological competition, and shifting trade links. This paper studies the shift from a deep globalization period of integrated production networks and soaring trade growth to progressive fragmentation under growing protectionism, geopolitical rivalries, and disruptive crises. It investigates how trade policy instruments like tariffs and export controls are being used with growing frequency to create strategic dependencies and decouple from enemy economies. Case studies, such as the U.S.-China trade war and pandemic-driven disruptions, highlight vulnerabilities of hyper-globalized systems. Novel approaches such as friend-shoring and resilience are considered, as countries look to achieve a tradeoff between efficiency and security requirements. Above all, the analysis is unambiguous: the reorganization of global supply chains signals wider economic seismic shifts that are driving immediate reform throughout the world. The results also add to the nascent policy discussions and lay groundwork for additional research.

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Geopolitics, Fragmentation, Resilience, Weaponization, Friend-shoring

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The term feminism coming from French and has its origin from the Latin word 'femina' which denotes women. According to the Oxford British Terminology, the term 'Feminism' was first used in the latter aspect of the Nineteenth century and it was described as having the qualities of females. In common, feminism is the ideology of women's independence in all its approaches as a woman who recognizes herself and is identified by others as feminist. The feminist attention is the attention of victimization. As a perception of life, it is in contrast to women's subordination to men in the family and society, along with men' claims to find out which is best for women. To vastly oversimplify, the goal of feminism becomes to eliminate sexist oppression imposed by the patriarchal society which it was thought; would end discrimination against women on the job, in the home and in all areas of Women's' lives.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Feminism,Sexuality,Victimization,Identity,Subjection,Representation, Ideology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract Education is an indispensable need of mankind. It aims at educating the masses to become better citizens and more useful members of society. The district of Sambalpur had played an important role in the field of education and social consciousness during the British rule. Prior to the beginning of first half of the Nineteenth Century, Sambalpur became a main centre for learning in Western Odisha. The primary education was introduced in the district very early. Many of the indigenous school were opened in various placed of Sambalpur. The Secondary and Western education in the district was introduced after the foundation of Zilla School in 1852 at the town of Sambalpur. It is the oldest school in the district. There has been a steady advanced in the education of girls in the Sambalpur district. The Government paid very little attention to backward classes before 1905. After the National Movement for freedom, education of the backward classes received some considerable from the government. First time in Sambalpur district, the untouchable caste pupils were allowed to all general schools. Muhammdans form a very small minority in Sambalpur and Urdu School of Sambalpur is the oldest school in Western Odisha. The present work is the first historical study, strictly speaking of the "Growth of Education and Social Consciousness in Sambalpur during British Rule: - A Retrospect."

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Keywords: - Agitation, Conciliatory, Elite, Hirakhanda, Plucking.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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For one of the fastest developing countries of the world like India, economic growth and development are the major areas of concern but political development is similarly important which cannot be overlooked. Any discussion regarding political development in India raises the concern about the challenges before political development of the country. Therefore, this paper tries to enquire into the nature of political development in India, explore the major challenges before political development in India and suggest some ways to tackle these challenges.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Political Development, Political Development in India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper presents a biometric payment system using fingerprint authentication integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller to enable secure and cashless transactions. The system authenticates users based on unique fingerprint patterns, eliminating the need for cards, PINs, or passwords. Upon successful verification, payment transactions are processed in real time through a connected database or cloud platform. The proposed system enhances transaction security, reduces fraud, and improves user convenience. Overall, it provides a low-cost, reliable, and scalable solution for modern digital payment applications.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Biometric Payment System, Fingerprint Authentication, ESP32 Microcontroller, Secure Transactions

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Large Language Models (LLMs) have become central to modern artificial intelligence applications, yet their effectiveness strongly depends on how user instructions are formulated. Prompt engineering has emerged as a practical technique to guide model behavior without modifying model parameters or performing additional training. This paper presents an empirical benchmarking study of widely used prompt engineering strategies across multiple large language models, including both proprietary and open-source architectures. The study examines zero-shot, few-shot, chain-of-thought, role-based, and structured prompting techniques using diverse evaluation tasks such as logical reasoning, text summarization, and code generation. Model performance is evaluated based on accuracy, consistency of responses, and computational latency. Experimental results demonstrate that prompt engineering consistently improves task performance across all models, with chain-of-thought and structured prompts showing the most notable gains. Additionally, smaller and open-source models benefit more significantly from optimized prompts when compared to advanced models with strong baseline capabilities. The findings confirm that prompt engineering is a low-cost, model-agnostic approach for enhancing LLM performance and provide practical guidance for selecting effective prompting strategies in real-world deployments.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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- Large Language Models, Prompt Engineering, Performance Evaluation, Chain-of-Thought, Benchmarking

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition