Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Tuberculosis continues to represent a major global public health concern, particularly due to the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite the availability of effective chemotherapy, the emergence of resistance to both first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs has significantly undermined disease control efforts worldwide. Unlike many other bacterial pathogens, M. tuberculosis primarily acquires antibiotic resistance through spontaneous chromosomal mutations rather than horizontal gene transfer. These mutations affect drug targets, drug-activating enzymes, transcriptional regulators, and metabolic pathways, leading to reduced drug susceptibility and treatment failure. This review comprehensively examines the molecular mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis. Resistance to first-line drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin is largely attributed to mutations in genes including katG, inhA, and rpoB, which impair drug activation or alter target binding. Resistance to second-line agents, including fluoroquinolones and injectable aminoglycosides, is associated with mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and ribosomal components, as well as enzymatic drug modification. In addition, the role of efflux pump systems in mediating multidrug tolerance and contributing to unexplained resistance phenotypes is discussed. These pumps enhance bacterial survival by reducing intracellular drug concentrations and promoting phenotypic heterogeneity.The review also outlines the classification of drug-resistant tuberculosis, including mono-drug resistant, multidrug-resistant, pre-extensively drug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and totally drug-resistant tuberculosis, highlighting their clinical and epidemiological significance. Furthermore, emerging evidence on metabolic adaptations, persister cell formation, and stress response pathways that facilitate drug tolerance is addressed. A detailed understanding of these resistance mechanisms is essential for improving molecular diagnostics, optimizing treatment regimens, and guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at curbing the global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

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Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Mechanism, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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Uttarakhand is home to many remarkable women who have made significant contributions across various fields, particularly in environmental leadership. These women actively engage in initiatives focused on environmental protection, sustainable practices, and climate change mitigation. Their efforts exemplify effective grassroots activism that addresses pressing ecological challenges such as water scarcity and soil erosion. By participating in conservation programs and collaborating with NGOs, women in Uttarakhand are making significant strides toward sustainable development, emphasising the importance of integrating their perspectives into environmental discussions. These women organise movements, protect natural resources, and educate communities about environmental issues, demonstrating their crucial role in shaping sustainable practices. This research study emphasises the significant yet often overlooked contributions of women in Uttarakhand to ecological sustainability, based on secondary literature. In grassroots activism, women have played a pivotal role in significant environmental movements, such as the Chipko Movement. This movement effectively championed ecofeminism and ultimately led to the implementation of a logging ban in the region. They are vital guardians of the forest, harnessing the wisdom of their ancestors and grassroots efforts to protect the breathtaking Himalayan ecosystem. As vital protectors of water resources, they play a crucial role in addressing water scarcity and pollution through traditional harvesting techniques and grassroots conservation efforts. Their expertise in water collection boosts community resilience and promotes sustainable practices for environmental protection. Through grassroots organisations, they lead campaigns aimed at conserving biodiversity, combating deforestation, and promoting renewable energy in rural areas. Their leadership not only fosters community empowerment and social equity but also advocates for a greener future.

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 Keywords

Grassroots Leadership, Environmental Initiatives, Sustainable Practices

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It is difficult for students, researchers, legal professionals, and citizens to extract clear and useful information from Indian legal documents due to their large, intricate, and linguistically dense structure, which includes constitutional provisions, statutes, and judgment texts. This study proposes a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework for comprehending and summarising Indian legal texts to overcome these challenges. The framework is intended to produce precise, context-aware, and legally sound results. In order to minimise hallucinations and guarantee that generated responses stay true to reliable legal sources, the system uses document segmentation, chunking, domain-specific embeddings, and vector-based semantic search. The framework facilitates both brief and detailed point-wise summarisation, contextual question answering, and automated extraction of important legal insights, in addition to generating succinct and context-rich summaries. The comprehension and accessibility of complex legal material are further improved by additional user-oriented features like embedded YouTube explanations and PDF downloads. When compared to standalone generative models, experimental evaluation shows notable gains in contextual precision, faithfulness, and relevance. All things considered, this RAG-based framework contributes to the development of reliable AI for the legal field by offering a scalable, dependable, and user-friendly solution for navigating, interpreting, and learning Indian legal texts.

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 Keywords

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), Legal Document Summarisation, Indian Legal Text, Semantic Retrieval, Large Language Models (LLMs), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Legal Information Retrieval, Context-Aware Question Answering.

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Plastic pollution has become one of the most critical environmental challenges of our time, threatening ecosystems, human health, and global economies. The widespread use of plastics--particularly single-use items--has led to massive accumulation of waste in landfills, oceans, and even the atmosphere in the form of microplastics. This essay examines the origins and scale of plastic pollution, highlighting its detrimental impacts on marine and terrestrial environments, biodiversity, and public health. It also explores the economic costs associated with waste management and declining tourism and fisheries. Solutions are discussed through the lens of reduction, reuse, recycling, innovation, and policy interventions, supported by global case studies and technological advancements. The essay emphasizes the importance of collective responsibility, where governments, industries, and individuals must collaborate to transition toward sustainable alternatives and circular economy models. Ultimately, addressing plastic pollution requires urgent, coordinated action to safeguard the planet for future generations.

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Plastic pollution Single-use plastics Microplastics Marine pollution Environmental impact Human health hazards Waste management Recycling Circular economy Biodegradable alternatives Policy measures Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Public awareness

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The rapid growth of e-commerce has led marketers to increasingly use psychological triggers to influence consumer decision-making. One such trigger is the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), commonly employed through scarcity and urgency-based notifications such as limited stock alerts and time-bound offers. This study examines the impact of FOMO-based notifications on online purchase behavior among Generation Z (age of 16 to 28) Myntra users. Using a quantitative research design, data was collected through an online survey from 102 Generation Z respondents based in Mumbai. The findings reveal that FOMO notifications influence purchase decisions, increase user engagement, and occasionally trigger impulsive buying behavior. While these notifications create a strong sense of urgency, their impact is more situational than habitual. Additionally, consumer perception of FOMO messages remains largely neutral to positive, indicating that such strategies do not adversely affect trust or satisfaction when used responsibly. The study provides valuable insights for e-commerce marketers on the effective and ethical use of FOMO-based digital communication strategies.

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Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), Online Purchase Behavior, Generation Z, E-commerce Marketing, Impulsive Buying.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Triple integrals, Double integrals, Volume computation, Petal-shaped domain, Parabolic cylinder intersection, Quadratic surface, Parabolic roof, Biomimetic structural elements.

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Background: Antibiotics have saved millions of lives and have changed the history of infectious diseases. However, in recent years, antibiotic resistance has become a major problem for global public health. Antibiotic resistance challenges the treatment of common infectious diseases, increases mortality rates and treatment costs. A study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding antibiotics impact on childhood immunity among the parents at selected primary school of Surat, Gujarat with the objectives to 1) assess the knowledge of parents about antibiotics impact on childhood immunity in selected primary school, Surat City, Gujarat. 2) assess effect of structured teaching programmed regarding antibiotics Impact on childhood immunity among parents of Surat City, Gujarat.3) To find out the association of the knowledge of primary school parents regarding antibiotic impact on childhood immunity with their selected demographic variables. Methods: A Quantitative Research approach and pre-experimental one group pre-test post- test research design with non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to collect data from 60 parents of Children (Age group between 5 to 8 years) in selected primary school of Surat, Gujarat. A demographic tool, structured knowledge questionnaire was used to describe the findings. Result: Analysis and interpretation of data collected from 60 samples, on antibiotic impact on childhood immunity and its interpretation among parents of selected primary schools of Surat. Knowledge was assessed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data gathered were summarized in the master sheet. Findings revealed that the level of knowledge regarding antibiotic impact on childhood immunity through pre-test and post-test. In pre-test out of 60 parents 34(56.66%) of parents had poor knowledge, 11(18.33%) of parents had average knowledge, 16(26.66%) of parents had good knowledge with regard to post score 5(8.33%) parents had poor knowledge, 15(25%) of parents had average knowledge, 40(66.66%) of them had good knowledge. The paired t-test results t=10.457. Since P-value=2.0015> 0.05 reveals the effectiveness of the Awareness package. The calculated value is higher than the tabulated value. The study aims to assess the knowledge and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure teaching programme on knowledge regarding antibiotics and impact on childhood immunity among parents of primary school children's around 60 samples were selected using Non probability purposing sampling technique. Data was generated and analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The paired 't' test value of the study was 19.5 at the significance of 0.05. The calculated value is higher than tabulated (p-value) = 2.00. This shows highly effectiveness of the structured teaching programme among selected samples. Association between pre-test knowledge score with their socio demographic variables regarding antibiotic impact on childhood immunity among parents of primary school children in selected school of Surat. Hence, it was assessed that Age, gender, No. Of children, Education of family, information, occupation, leaving the area does not have any significant association (Age ?2= 7.14, gender ?2 = 5.74, Number of children ?2 = 10.87, Education of head of family ?2= 4.22, Source of Information regarding antibiotics ?2 = 4.26, occupation of family head ?2=10.79, living area ?2= 4.50) and Monthly income ?2= 6.36. Other demographic variables such as Type of Family do have significant association in the study (Type of family ?2= 16.25) Conclusion: The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structure teaching program on knowledge regarding antibiotics impact on childhood immunity among the parents at selected primary school of Surat, Gujarat. The finding of the study showed that structured teaching program about antibiotic impact on childhood immunity was effective among parents of primary school children. Association between pre-test knowledge score and socio demographic variables regarding antibiotic impact on childhood immunity among parents of primary school children in selected school of Surat. Hence, it was assessed that, Type of Family and Monthly Income does have significant association in the study.

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 Keywords

Evaluate, Effectiveness, knowledge, Antibiotics, immunity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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There is no doubt that economic participation of women has increased in India during last few years, but still they are far back in terms of economic independence. The situation is same for both urban and rural women as discrimination is a reality and gender gap is wider in the economic field. Women have more opportunities and facilities in urban areas in comparison to rural areas. Thus rural women should be more conscious and updated but the reality is totally different. They can't reach to the facilities in lack of knowledge and awareness. Trainings were being organised at different level by different agencies but that's not sufficient. Impact of wrong and inadequate training can be seen among self help group members. Lack of sufficient financial services by the service providers, deep rooted social barriers and lack of strong decision making power among the women are equally responsible for their weak financial condition. Full planned financial literacy program along with digital technology education is highly needed. Due to the awareness about micro financing and micro credit schemes rural women have started savings by making self help groups. Savings only for borrowing and lending money among the group members can't be much fruitful. They should know about other use of money. Banking is not all about saving and loaning; investment and insurance is much more important in planning a better future with economic stability. With the help of World Bank, Government of Bihar is working hard to make the rural women financially empowered. Focus is on sustainable job creation at local level so that they can be self dependent. Banking and insurance sector have to come forward with a big heart to train them about making money, as saving for lending and borrowing is not the ultimate option in the process of financial empowerment. The present study was conducted in the rural areas especially pilot blocks of jeevika. Per capita income is very low as compared to other areas thus saving and investment is low. Total sample of 350 SHG members is comprised through random sampling technique. The primary data was directly collected through personal interview method between 2021to2023.

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FINANCE, WOMEN, RURAL, BANKING, EMPOWERMENT

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The quality of education in any society is significantly influenced by teacher effectiveness. This study examines the relationship between teacher effectiveness and enthusiasm among secondary school teachers in Rohtak district, Haryana. Teacher effectiveness encompasses skills like subject knowledge, instructional strategies, and classroom management, while teacher enthusiasm involves passion, energy, and emotional commitment. A sample of 800 secondary school teachers was selected using multi-stage random sampling. The study found a strong, positive correlation between teacher enthusiasm and effectiveness. Teachers with high enthusiasm were significantly more effective than those with lower enthusiasm. Although gender didn't directly impact effectiveness, enthusiastic female teachers slightly outperformed their male counterparts. The study suggests that teacher enthusiasm is crucial for effective teaching and should be fostered through professional development and supportive environments. Educational policies and teacher training programs should emphasize both pedagogical skills and affective dimensions of teaching. By nurturing teacher enthusiasm, schools can enhance teacher performance, student engagement, and overall education quality.

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Teacher Effectiveness and Teacher Enthusiasm.

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Urolithiasis, known as Ashmari in Ayurveda, is a common urinary disorder characterized by stone formation due to metabolic and dietary factors. Ayurveda describes Ashmari as a result of Dosha imbalance, predominantly Kapha, and recommends the use of Ashmarighna, Mutrala, Lekhana, and Bhedana drugs for its management. India has a rich tradition of using medicinal plants for urinary stone disorders, many of which are widely available and traditionally validated. In recent years, experimental studies have provided scientific support for the lithotropic activity of these plants. This narrative and analytical review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, and peer-reviewed scientific literature to comparatively evaluate selected herbal drugs. Plants such as Bergenia ligulata, Aerva lanata, Rotula aquatica, Tribulus terrestris, and Crataevanurvala demonstrated significant anti-urolithiatic activity. Their Ayurvedic attributes showed strong correlation with modern pharmacological mechanisms, including inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization, increased diuresis, nephroprotection, and anti-inflammatory effects. The study highlights convergence between Ayurvedic principles and modern scientific validation, supporting the potential of these herbs in evidence-based management of urolithiasis.

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Ashmari, Lithotropic activity, Antiurolithiatic herbs, Ayurveda, Pashanabheda

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