Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Online education has become an integral part of modern education systems, offering secondary school students a broad range of opportunities to explore vocational interests and career pathways. With the flexibility and accessibility of online learning, students can access a variety of resources and courses that help them better understand their potential career options. This paper examines the role of online education in shaping vocational interests among secondary school students and investigates the challenges that limit its full effectiveness. Drawing on established career development theories, including Holland's Vocational Personalities, Super's Self-Concept Theory, and Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, the paper explores how online education can influence students' career choices, self-efficacy, and personal development. These theories provide a framework for understanding how online platforms can facilitate career exploration, promote skill development, and contribute to the shaping of students' vocational identities. However, despite the potential benefits, significant challenges exist. The digital divide, limited access to technology, and disparities in socioeconomic conditions prevent some students from fully engaging with online learning opportunities. Moreover, the absence of structured mentorship and personalized career guidance on many platforms hinders students' ability to make informed career decisions. This paper also discusses the integration of career guidance frameworks into online platforms and suggests strategies for overcoming these barriers. By addressing these challenges, online education can be a powerful tool in helping students navigate career decisions, refine their self-concept, and develop the skills needed for future success.

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 Keywords

Online education, vocational interests, secondary School students, digital divide.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Agriculture remains a cornerstone of India's economy, sustaining over half of rural households and contributing major part of the national GDP. Despite significant post-independence efforts to enhance productivity through high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers, and modern machinery, small and marginal farmers often face financial constraints in accessing these inputs. Agricultural input subsidies have been implemented to reduce costs, encourage adoption of modern technologies, enhance farm incomes, and stimulate economic growth. Subsidies have been shown by numerous studies to positively influence productivity and reduce input costs; however, their impact on the alleviation of loan dependency has been found to be limited, with significant gaps in awareness being reported among resource-constrained farmers. Consequently, a need has been emphasized for targeted policy interventions, the establishment of efficient subsidy delivery mechanisms, and the implementation of comprehensive awareness programs, through which inclusive growth, sustainable agricultural development, and the enhancement of rural livelihoods may be achieved.

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 Keywords

Marginal farmers, Agricultural productivity, Input subsidies , Loan dependency, Policy interventions, Subsidy awareness, Rural livelihoods, Sustainable agriculture

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Learning about the various techniques to solve this higher power Diophantine equation in successfully deriving their solutions helps us understand how numbers work and their significance in different areas of mathematics and science. This paper first focused on studying infinitely many integer solutions of generalized quadratic Diophantine equation ?k(x-?)?^2+(y-?)^2=(z-?)^2 ,which is having ellipse equation form of ?k((x-?)/(z-?))?^2+((y-?)/(z-?))^2=1; Also, concentrate on studying Reciprocal form of above Diophantine Equation k/p^2 +1/q^2 =1/h^2 , Which is having different sets of integer solutions of p=(y-?)(z-?), q=(x-?)(z-?) and h=(x-?)(y-?). Also, introduces to study of binary operation on above Set of quadratic Diophantine Equation. P_1.P_2={?((kx_1 ?x_2?^2,y_1 (?y_2?^2+?z_2?^2 )+2y_2 z_1 z_2,?z_1 (?y_2?^2+?z_2?^2 )+2y_1 y?_2 z_2 )@(kx_2 ?x_1?^2,y_2 (?y_1?^2+?z_1?^2 )+2y_1 z_1 z_2,?z_2 (?y_1?^2+?z_1?^2 )+2y_1 y?_2 z_1 ) )}.

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Diophantine Equations, Ellipse, Reciprocal ellipse equations.

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The outcome of prosthodontic rehabilitation in partially edentulous individuals is highly dependent on an accurate appraisal of the available prosthetic space. Tooth loss initiates a series of biological and occlusal alterations, including resorption of the alveolar ridge, supraeruption of opposing teeth, and positional changes of adjacent teeth, all of which can negatively influence restorative space. In addition, neuromuscular adaptation and variations in occlusal vertical dimension further modify spatial relationships within the oral cavity. Inadequate evaluation of these changes may result in compromised function, esthetics, phonetics, and reduced longevity of prosthetic restorations. This narrative review outlines the concept of prosthetic space, factors responsible for its alteration, conventional and digital methods of assessment--including intraoral scanning--and their relevance in prosthodontic treatment planning.

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Prosthetic space, partial edentulism, interocclusal space, intraoral scanner, prosthodontic evaluation

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This research examines the application of classical Kavya Shastra principles--particularly Dandin's K?vy?dar?a and selected v?tti frameworks from Sanskrit poetics--within the kavittas attributed to Pt. Narayan Prasad of the Jaipur Gharana Kathak tradition. Treating kavitta as a performative poetic form rather than a fixed literary text, the study analyzes three representative compositions: a Chakkardar kavitta (rhythmic v?ra structure), K?liya Daman (misra-j?ti narrative kavitta), and Gol Kapol Adhar Bimbaphal (r?pa-var?ana ???g?ra-bhakti kavitta). Through qualitative analysis, the research identifies how vritti behaviour (m?du, vivara?a, bh?va, and laya vritti) and selective alamk?ras (anupr?sa, upam?, r?paka, and ati?ayokti) operate functionally rather than decoratively. The findings demonstrate that these kavittas enact a shabda-artha (sound-meaning) alignment consistent with Kavya Shastra, realised through rhythm, abhinaya, tala structure, and rasa progression. The study concludes that Pt. Narayan Prasad's compositions represent an embodied continuation of classical poetic theory, positioning kavitta as applied aesthetics within Kathak pedagogy and performance. This research contributes to filling a scholarly gap by bridging textual Sanskrit poetics with practical dance methodology, offering a framework for further academic analysis of gharana-specific repertoire.

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Kavya Shastra, vritti, alamkara, kavitta, Jaipur Gharana, Pt. Narayan Prasad, Kathak pedagogy, Rasa structure.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (2003) is widely recognized for its sensitive portrayal of neurodivergence through the perspective of Christopher Boone, a fifteen-year-old protagonist. While much critical attention has focused on Christopher's voice and unique worldview, this paper shifts its lens to the often-overlooked struggles of his parents. It seeks to explore how the novel portrays the realities of parenting a neurodivergent child, emphasizing the fragile balance between care, sacrifice, and human vulnerability. The discussion highlights the emotional, social, and relational challenges faced by Christopher's parents, ranging from patience and compassion to frustration, guilt, and marital strain. Beyond challenges, the paper also examines the sacrifices embedded in their roles as caregivers, including personal compromises, emotional endurance, and the reshaping of their identities as both individuals and parents. These struggles show that parenting a neurodivergent child demands not only resilience but also the acceptance of imperfection and the ability to endure love in its most difficult forms. By foregrounding these experiences, the paper argues that Haddon's narrative not only illuminates the complexities of neurodivergence but also broadens our understanding of family dynamics and the resilience of caregivers. Ultimately, the novel invites readers to reflect on the intertwined struggles of children and parents, reminding us that the story of neurodivergence is also a story of shared endurance and love

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Neurodivergence, Parenting, Sacrifice, Family Dynamics

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and associated oxidative stress, leading to severe long-term complications. Medicinal plants have gained significant attention as alternative therapeutic agents due to their safety, affordability, and bioactive potential. The present study investigates the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and in vitro anti-diabetic potential of Swertia chirayita, a traditional medicinal herb widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. Methanolic extracts of the whole plant were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and ?-amylase inhibition assay. The extract demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and carbohydrates. Significant antioxidant activity was observed that was comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The extract also exhibited strong ?-amylase inhibitory activity, indicating potential anti-diabetic properties. These findings support the traditional use of Swertia chirayita and highlight its potential as a source of natural antioxidant and anti-diabetic agents.

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Diabetes mellitus, Swertia chirayita, Antioxidant activity, ?-amylase inhibition, Phytochemicals.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Background: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has been the most widely used denture base material for complete dentures due to its acceptable esthetics, ease of processing, and reparability. However, conventional heat cure acrylic resin exhibits limitations such as low impact strength and susceptibility to fracture, leading to patient discomfort and reduced satisfaction. High impact heat cure acrylic resins were developed to overcome these limitations by improving mechanical properties. Aim: To evaluate and compare patient satisfaction with complete dentures fabricated using conventional heat cure acrylic resin and high impact heat cure acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based comparative study was conducted among 100 completely edentulous patients. Fifty patients received complete dentures fabricated using conventional heat cure acrylic resin (Group I), and fifty patients received dentures fabricated using high impact heat cure acrylic resin (Group II). Patient satisfaction was assessed at denture insertion, one-week, and three-week follow-up visits. Parameters evaluated included esthetics, speech, retention, stability, comfort, masticatory efficiency, denture strength, staining, and overall satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Z-test for difference between proportions. Results: Patients rehabilitated with high impact acrylic dentures demonstrated significantly higher satisfaction scores across most parameters. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed for esthetics, comfort, retention, stability, masticatory efficiency, and perceived strength. Conclusion: High impact heat cure acrylic resin dentures provide superior patient satisfaction and functional performance compared to conventional heat cure acrylic resin dentures and may be preferred for complete denture fabrication.

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Complete denture, High impact acrylic resin, Heat cure acrylic resin, Patient satisfaction, Questionnaire study

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The emergence of Industry 4.0 technologies such as Cloud Computing, Data Analytics, IIoT, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence is bringing a significant Digital transformation in manufacturing and industrial sectors. Industry 4.0 helps to bring out innovative solutions to industrial problems which help with high production efficiency and productivity. The manufacturing and industrial sector consists of valuable assets that help in production of various goods, it is of very high importance to protect those assets and continuously produce goods without interruption. Usage of modern Industry 4.0 solutions in manufacturing and industrial plants without proper understanding of possible cyber security vulnerabilities, preventive methods could lead to cyber security attacks on industrial plants and could damage equipment and assets. The paper is prepared to explore cyber security vulnerabilities, threats and identify important mechanisms to protect the industry 4.0 based industrial automation systems. The paper explores the areas of Cloud Computing, IIoT, Machine Learning and Artificial intelligence that are utilized to work in co-ordination with Industrial systems.

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Cyber Security, Industrial plant security, SCADA, I4.0, Industry 4.0, Kubernetes, Docker, Containerization, Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, IIoT, Digital.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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An detailed survey of the literature on computerized accounting systems (CAS) is presented in this work. It looks at the theoretical underpinnings, historical development, system elements, advantages, factors that influence acceptance, difficulties in putting them into practice, implications for internal control and audit, effects on organizational performance, and new developments like cloud computing and artificial intelligence. The study finds key research gaps, prevailing topics, and methodological methods by combining national and international studies. According to the research, CAS greatly improves productivity, precision, openness, and the caliber of decisions; yet, organizational preparedness, the strength of internal controls, user proficiency, and technology infrastructure are all necessary for its success. Future research paths that are pertinent to scholars, practitioners, and policymakers are highlighted in the paper's conclusion

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cloud accounting, SMEs, internal control, literature review, computerized accounting system, and accounting information system

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