Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Abstract Social work education, in general demands intensive academic engagement coupled with emotionally challenging field work experiences, particularly within medical and psychiatric settings. This study explores the nature, prevalence, and determinants of emotional burnout among postgraduate social work students undergoing clinical fieldwork training in Chennai. This study used a qualitative research design and data were collected from 30 female MSW students through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Major findings of the study revealed higher levels of emotional exhaustion, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, physical decline, absenteeism, and reduced academic performance among the respondents. Key stressors include exposure to trauma and critical incidents, inadequate supervision, role ambiguity, and personal vulnerabilities. Students also reported changes in identity expression, diminished self-esteem, and difficulty in managing their emotions during the field work hours and the impact continued even after signing out the clinical agency. This study highlights significant gaps in institutional support systems within social work training programs.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Emotional exhaustion, Emotional burnout, Personal vulnerabilities etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The TRIPS Agreement plays a foundational role in shaping modern intellectual property law across the world. At its core, TRIPS establishes a baseline of protections that all WTO Member States must implement within their domestic legal systems. These are minimum standards, meaning that countries cannot offer weaker IP protection than what TRIPS mandates, but they are free to adopt stronger protections if they choose, provided this does not conflict with the obligations of the treaty. Under TRIPS, the minimum standards cover several key dimensions: the subject matter to be protected, the exact rights conferred to IP holders, permissible exceptions to these rights, and the minimum duration of protection in each category. For example, patents must be made available for any invention in all fields of technology and protected for at least 20 years from the filing date. Copyright protection must align with the substantive provisions of the Berne Convention, often translated in practice into terms of at least 50 years. Trademarks must be registrable and renewable, and rights holders must have effective remedies against infringement. Importantly, while TRIPS sets these floors, it also acknowledges that legal traditions and developmental priorities differ across countries. Thus, it allows flexibility in implementation-Member States determine how to embed these minimum standards in their laws, balancing public interest and economic welfare with the core obligations of the agreement. This balance ensures that the minimum standards are meaningful but not rigidly uniform, recognizing the diverse legal and social contexts of WTO Members.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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TRIPS, minimum standards, intellectual property protection, WTO Member obligations, flexibility, implementation, patents, copyright, trademarks.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The stylistic approach to teaching of poetry takes on linguistic analysis to simplify poems, focusing on how conscious language choices--such as deviation, foregrounding, and parallelism--construct meaning and effect. Unlike subjective or historical methods, it treats poetry as a linguistic artifact, enabling students to objectively explore features like metaphor, syntax shifts, register changes, and irony through close reading. This method fosters analytical skills in vocabulary, grammar, and discourse, particularly benefiting ESL learners by bridging familiar language rules with poetic innovation. It promotes student autonomy via interactive tasks, such as tracing lexical patterns or contrasting representational dialogue, shifting from teacher-led interpretation to collaborative discovery Pedagogical language activities begin with oral readings for rhythm, progressing to annotations of cohesion and parody, enhancing engagement and deeper cognitive process. Overall, it transforms poetry from intimidating to accessible, equipping learners for nuanced textual analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

ELT, ESL,&, metaphor, autonomy, linguistic, method, approach & Technique, pedagogical, parallelism, language, discovery, theory, dialogue, collaborative, foregrounding

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Sagar sambhag me anusuchit jati ke antragat Ahirwar samaj ki samajik avm sanskriti k sthti ka vishleshan ak adhyan

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Sagar sambhag me anusuchit jati ke antragat Ahirwar samaj ki samajik avm sanskriti k sthti ka vishleshan ak adhyan

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract In the context of Indian literature, marginalization is a representation of various aspects. So, in India there are so many points which show the marginalizations like Dalit, Female, Tribal and gender bias. The situation whereby something or someone is pushed to the edge of a group and accorded lesser importance or little importance at all is termed to be marginalized. This is predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs and desires are ignored. Throughout the world millions of people are affected by this experience of marginality. The marginalized people have little control over their lives and the resources available to them. Due to this they are like handicapped and powerless in the society. The inhuman treatment meted to the marginalized prevents them from participating in local life. Marginalisation deprives a large majority of the people from participating in the development. Many English writers in India have been writing about the social exclusion of the so-called low caste and about their sufferings and exploitations that they undergo without resistance or protest. Writers like Mulkraj Anand, Raja Rao, Bhabani Battaacharya, Arundati Roy have all discussed in a very elaborate way the sufferings and the pitiable plight of this socially excluded group. But Anita Nair has tried to give a warning to the society by depicting what will happen if the weaker sections of the society retaliate. The paper focuses on this aspect with reference to Anita Nair's The Better Man.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: marginalization, bias, minority, inhuman, social exclusion, exploitation, resistance, protest

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sublingual drug delivery represents a promising alternative route for systemic medication administration, offering significant advantages over conventional oral formulations. The sublingual region exhibits superior permeability compared to other oral mucosal areas due to its thin epithelium (100-200 ?m), extensive vascularization, and high blood flow. This comprehensive review examines the anatomical basis of sublingual absorption, mechanisms of drug transport, formulation strategies including fast-dissolving tablets and advanced delivery systems, and emerging technologies for improving sublingual bioavailability. The sublingual route enables drugs to bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism, achieving bioavailability improvements of 3-10 times compared to conventional oral administration. Clinical applications include cardiovascular medications, analgesics, antiemetics, and emergency medications where rapid onset of action is required. Despite advantages, challenges including drug stability, taste masking, and patient compliance require continued research. This review synthesizes current knowledge and future perspectives on sublingual drug delivery systems, highlighting innovations in formulation technologies, permeation enhancement strategies, and personalized medicine applications. Emerging trends including nanoparticle-based systems, biocompatible polymers, and digital health integration represent promising future directions for optimizing sublingual drug delivery efficacy and patient outcomes.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sublingual drug delivery, bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, fast-dissolving tablets, oral mucosal delivery, formulation technologies, permeation enhancement

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs play a pivotal role in the economic development of India by contributing significantly to employment generation, industrial output, and exports. With the rapid expansion of digital technologies, e-commerce has emerged as a powerful tool for MSMEs to enhance market reach, operational efficiency, and competitiveness. Despite Karnataka being one of the technologically advanced states in India, the adoption of e-commerce among MSMEs remains limited and uneven. This study aims to analyze the major barriers hindering e-commerce adoption among MSMEs in Karnataka through an empirical secondary analysis. The study draws evidence from government reports, academic literature, industry surveys, and policy documents. The findings reveal that technological limitations, lack of digital skills, financial constraints, trust and security concerns, and regulatory complexities are the dominant barriers. The study concludes with policy recommendations to promote inclusive digital transformation among MSMEs in Karnataka.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

MSMEs, E-commerce Adoption, Digital Transformation, Barriers, Karnataka.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Children are the bright future of India. Children are responsible citizen of India so it the responsibility of the society to protect the children from sex crime. there are provision in the constitution of India under Article 15 to protect the children in tender age.sex crime on child were committed during Vedic Period in India and King was the Judge who give punishment to the offender. There was provision of severe punishment during princely rule in India, during Mohammedaan dynasty in India. Indian Penal Code was enacted during British rule in India and there were provision of severe punishment according to crime committed in the British rule. Courts of Justice are doing justice and giving punishment to the offender but numbers of sex crime on children are increasing regularly in India so society should also protect children from sex crime.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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sex crime, child, dignity, Protect, compensation, witness

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid growth of e-commerce has transformed consumer purchasing behavior and increased demand for fast, reliable, and cost-effective delivery services. Among the various stages of the logistics process, last-mile delivery is considered the most complex and expensive. It directly impacts customer satisfaction and operational efficiency. E-commerce companies face numerous challenges in last-mile delivery, including rising transportation costs, traffic congestion, inaccurate addresses, failed deliveries, labor shortages, and sustainability concerns. This study aims to analyze the key challenges faced by e-commerce companies in last-mile delivery logistics and examine customer perceptions regarding delivery performance. The research adopts a descriptive research design using primary data collected through a structured questionnaire. Data analysis is performed using percentage analysis, tables, and charts. The findings highlight that delivery delays, high costs, and poor infrastructure are major obstacles. The study concludes with practical suggestions to improve last-mile delivery efficiency through technology adoption and better logistics planning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Last-Mile Delivery, E-Commerce Logistics, Supply Chain Management, Customer Satisfaction, Urban Logistics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Optimize NOCIL Limited's supply chain against cost pressures and volatility, this study identifies three key areas for digital transformation: Inbound Procurement: Automate routine purchase requisitions using rule-based SAP S/4HANA workflows to eliminate manual delays. Warehouse Management: Implement Automated Data Capture (ADC) via barcodes and QR codes to improve inventory accuracy and replace manual verification. Export Logistics: Formalize multi-stage QA checkpoints to mitigate operational and environmental risks. Conclusion: Transitioning from manual processes to an integrated digital framework (SAP and ADC) directly reduces lead times and technical errors, securing NOCIL's profitability and resilience in a high-risk industry.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Logistics Optimization ,Supply Chain Management, Rubber Chemicals, Inventory Management, Automation, Warehousing & Dispatch, Cost Reduction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition