Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

The Buddhist philosophy of Dukkha (suffering) and Moksha (liberation) represents one of the most profound explorations of human existence and its ultimate transcendence. Gautama Buddha’s central insight lies in the recognition that suffering is not an accidental condition but an inherent aspect of life, rooted in ignorance (avidyā) and craving (tṛṣṇā). Through the Four Noble Truths—Dukkha, Dukkhasamudaya, Dukkha Nirodha, and Dukkha Nirodha Marga. Buddhism provides a rational and experiential framework for understanding the cause of suffering and the path to liberation. The Eightfold Path, based on morality (śīla), meditation (samādhi), and wisdom (prajñā), guides individuals toward ethical living, mental discipline, and insight leading to nirvāṇa, the state of ultimate peace and freedom from desire. In the modern context, when humanity faces increasing psychological stress, consumerism, and existential emptiness, the Buddhist doctrines of mindfulness, compassion, detachment, and the Middle Way offer a timeless solution. Contemporary psychological practices such as mindfulness-based therapies echo the essence of Buddhist meditation, emphasizing awareness and inner balance. Thus, the Buddhist theory of suffering and liberation remains a living philosophy relevant not only for spiritual awakening but also for restoring ethical and emotional harmony in today’s world, illuminating a path from material discontent to inner peace and universal compassion.

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 Keywords

Buddhism, Dukkha, Nirvana, Mindfulness, Eightfold Path

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and menstrual irregularities. Conventional treatments such as oral contraceptives and metformin provide symptomatic relief but often cause adverse effects. This review synthesizes recent clinical and experimental studies on herbal and integrative therapies as safer, holistic alternatives. Medicinal plants like Ashwagandha, Shatavari, Spearmint, Turmeric, and Fenugreek demonstrate antiandrogenic, antioxidant, and insulin-sensitizing properties. Integrating lifestyle modification with herbal therapy offers a sustainable and effective approach for managing PCOS, minimizing pharmacological side effects, and improving overall reproductive and metabolic health.

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 Keywords

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), Herbal Medicine, Ayurveda, Phytotherapy, Hormonal Imbalance, and Insulin Resistance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Metakaolin, Polypropylene fibers, M30 grade concrete, Compressive strength, Pozzolanic reaction, Workability, Crack resistance, Mechanical properties

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Surrogacy is one of the most effective ways to overcome both biological and social infertility. Commercial surrogacy is an excellent way for intended parents can grow their families. Moreover, commercial surrogacy respects the bodily integrity and personal autonomy of surrogate mothers. Surrogate mothers have the right to bodily integrity and personal autonomy to decide whether they want to give birth to a child or not. It is through exercising the right to personal autonomy and bodily integrity that the surrogate mother chooses to give birth to a child for the intended parents and earn money. It is the choice of the surrogate mother to allow the procedures in her body and make economic value out of it. And, this right, the right of personal autonomy and bodily integrity, can never be diminished or deprived by any law, as these are the fundamental rights without which life would be devoid. The personal autonomy and physical integrity of surrogate mothers are flagrantly violated when commercial surrogacy is prohibited while altruistic surrogacy is permitted. Therefore, the Act's prohibition on commercial surrogacy is unconstitutional due to the violation of physical integrity and personal autonomy. The purpose of this study is to better comprehend the concept of surrogacy in the current context of commercial surrogacy. To that end, the author attempts to list the various enacted laws passed so far that have the potential to legalise surrogacy.

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surrogacy, commercial surrogacy, statutory provision and ethical dilemma

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Flexibility is an important part of badminton and in the lower-limb coordination, strength, and injury prevention of the muscles; the hamstring muscles are essential. Active Knee Extension (AKE) and Passive Knee Extension (PKE) are two of the most prevalent clinical tests that are used to assess hamstring flexibility. Nonetheless, there has been minimal studies that compare both tests among badminton players.

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 Keywords

AKET- active knee extension test , PKET- passive knee extension test , AKE- Active knee extension ,PKE - Passive knee extension , AROM -active range of motion

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Modern humanities in literature represent the study of human values, identity, psychology, culture, society, technology, and the transformation of individual and collective life in the contemporary world. This paper explores how modern literature becomes a medium to understand human consciousness, social inequality, cultural displacement, gender politics, technological changes, and global ethics. Through the works of twentieth and twenty-first century writers, the study analyses how literature negotiates with alienation, trauma, digital culture, feminism, postcolonial resistance, ecological crisis, and the conflict between materialism and human values. The paper concludes that modern humanities in literature strengthen empathy, cultural memory, and ethical awareness in a rapidly changing world.

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Modern Humanities, Literature, Identity, Psychology, Feminism, Technology, Globalisation, Human Values, Alienation, Digital Culture

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Quantum computing is a breakthrough in computational science and has the potential to overcome classical computing systems in solving complex mathematical and optimization problems. The growing relevance of quantum computing is closely aligned with the shift toward Industry 5.0-a technological paradigm that emphasizes intelligent collaboration among automated systems and human decision-making. At the same time, however, this constitutes a critical cybersecurity challenge. The reliability of contemporary digital security frameworks relies fundamentally on public-key cryptosystems-RSA and ECC-which are based on the computational infeasibility of integer factorization and discrete logarithmic problems. Shor's algorithm can perform this task with incredible speed on scalable quantum processors and, when it is launched, will make such encryption mechanisms obsolete. This development puts sensitive communication, financial systems, digital identity frameworks, and blockchain infrastructures at considerable risk. Simultaneously, however, quantum computing opens new avenues for defense, such as QKD and emerging PQC schemes, which have been designed to resist quantum-driven attacks. This paper critically analyzes the dual impact of quantum computing on cybersecurity, assesses the vulnerability of RSA and ECC encryption under quantum attack conditions, and outlines strategic migration frameworks for secure adoption of quantum technologies in Industry 5.0 environments. In doing so, the study emphasizes that governments, enterprises, and technological institutions urgently need to proactively invest in quantum-resilient security infrastructures that ensure long-term data integrity and secure digital transformation.

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Quantum Computing; Cybersecurity; RSA Encryption; Elliptic Curve Cryptography; Shor's Algorithm; Post-Quantum Cryptography; Quantum Key Distribution; Industry 5.0; Cryptographic Vulnerabilities; Digital Security Framework

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Heavy metals are non-biodegradable. Once they enter in food chain through plants, they get accumulated in human body by bioaccumulation and cause serious health problems due to their toxic nature. Increasing concentration of heavy metals in soil is therefore becomes a global issue. Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and economic mitigation measure to remove metal contamination from the soil. Cannabis, the illicit drug bearing plants and the most widely trafficked drugs worldwide, has a unique property of accumulation of heavy metals from the soil. Therefore this crop can be used for phytoremediation. This review will discuss the chemical composition and use of Cannabis, its ability of accumulation of heavy metals, factors affecting its metal accumulation abilities, effect of metals on human health and chemical fingerprinting of Cannabis for identification of its origin.

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Keywords: Heavy metals, bioaccumulation, Cannabis, chemical fingerprinting.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sustainable cooling Solar energy Evaporative cooling Renewable energy Eco-friendly design Off-grid technology Red mud Clay pottery Passive cooling system Energy-efficient Modular design Low-cost innovation Rural applications Climate action SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) SDG 13 (Climate Action) Circular economy Local manufacturing Indoor thermal comfort Green technology

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Hypertension is a major global health issue contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite the availability of several antihypertensive classes - such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), ?-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics - limitations like poor selectivity, low bioavailability, and adverse effects persist. Quinoline-based molecules have emerged as a versatile scaffold in drug discovery due to their unique aromatic heterocyclic structure, which allows ?-? stacking, hydrogen bonding, and metal chelation - crucial for interaction with the zinc-containing catalytic site of ACE. Quinoline derivatives exhibit a broad spectrum of cardiovascular actions, including ACE inhibition, calcium channel blocking, ?-adrenergic antagonism, and nitric oxide modulation. This review summarizes recent advances in the chemistry, synthesis, structure - activity relationships (SAR), and molecular docking studies of quinoline-based antihypertensive agents. Challenges such as solubility, metabolic stability, and target selectivity are discussed, alongside prospects in hybrid drug design and AI-assisted QSAR modeling. The evidence supports quinoline scaffolds as promising leads for next-generation antihypertensive drugs targeting multiple mechanisms in the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system (RAAS).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Quinoline derivatives; ACE inhibitors; Antihypertensive agents; SAR; Molecular docking; Hybrid Molecules; Drug Design.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition