Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

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India's foundational commitment was based on constitutional pluralism, a structure designed to accommodate the nation's immense diversity by guaranteeing specific rights for religious and linguistic minorities--including autonomy over educational institutions (Article 30) and the freedom of religion (Article 25). However, the current political and legal environment increasingly favors constitutional monism, an ideological drive for uniformity and assimilation. This research identifies two primary mechanisms eroding minority safeguards. First, the judiciary has introduced the Essential Religious Practices (ERP) doctrine, which empowers courts to determine the "core" tenets of a religion. This judicial rationalization allows for the selective state regulation of faith, often undermining the religious autonomy guaranteed to minority groups. Second, exclusionary legislation actively institutionalizes discrimination. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) introduces a religious test for citizenship, fundamentally violating the constitutional mandate of equality. Simultaneously, state-level Anti-Conversion Laws target interfaith relationships and restrict the freedom of conscience, while security laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) are used broadly to silence civil society and minority dissent. The confluence of restrictive laws, judicial overreach, and institutional failure has led to a sustained human rights deficit, fostering a climate of targeted discrimination and impunity. The report concludes that India must urgently adopt institutional reforms and repeal exclusionary laws to restore its secular, pluralistic constitutional identity.

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Keywords: Constitutional Pluralism, Minority Protection, Essential Religious Practices (ERP) Test, Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), Secularism

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ABSTRACT: The conventional Indian medicine - Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani describes various herbs, fats, oils and minerals with anti-inflammatory as well as wound healing properties. Wounds are injuries that cause a break or disruption in the continuity of the skin, mucous membranes, or underlying soft tissues. They can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, burns, or pressure. Wound healing can be defined as a complex, dynamic, and well-coordinated process that results in the restoration of the anatomical continuity and physiological function of injured tissues. Various plant products have been used in the treatment of wounds over the years. Wound healing herbal extracts promote blood clotting, fight infection, and accelerate the healing of wounds. Hence in the current review, a list of the plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds was screened. Conducting detailed research on wound healing, health, and the development of safe, effective, and globally accepted herbal formulations for the treatment of cuts and wounds is of great importance to the scientific community.

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Index Terms - wound, wound healing, plant products.

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India has seen a sharp increase in stressed assets, mostly in public sector banks. There are several discernible reasons that have contributed to this state of affairs. These include the global slowdown, problems with governance, political reasons, and wrongdoing and malice. As a result, both the general people and the Union Government, which essentially controls public sector banks, suffer large losses. As a result, the Non-Performing Asset increases. Using this chance, a thorough investigation into the causes of the declining asset quality in public sector banks is necessary. Four years' worth of data, from F.Y. 2012-13-02 to 2015-16, have been examined to determine the effect of stress advances.

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Non-Performing Assts, Stressed Advances, Government Banks

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Abstract: Agriculture is a vital industry that supports the global economy, and plant diseases are a significant threat to crop productivity and food security. Quickly and accurately identifying plant diseases is crucial for effective treatment and prevention. Traditional methods of detecting diseases depend on manual observation and expert knowledge. These methods can be slow, subjective, and prone to mistakes. To tackle these issues, this research introduces an automated plant disease detection system that uses deep learning techniques. The proposed model uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to extract features and classify diseased and healthy plant leaves. The dataset includes images of various crop leaves affected by different diseases. We apply image preprocessing techniques like resizing, normalization, and data augmentation to improve the model's performance. Additionally, using pre-trained architectures like ResNet for transfer learning boosts accuracy and lowers computational costs. The trained model shows high precision and recall, proving its ability to identify multiple disease types with minimal human input. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach greatly surpasses traditional machine learning methods in classification accuracy and generalization. This work shows how deep learning-based systems can help farmers and agricultural experts detect diseases early, which can enhance crop yield and reduce losses. Future work plans to integrate the model into a mobile application for real-time disease identification and field use.

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Key Terms - Artificial Intelligence (AI), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning, Image Classification, Plant Disease Detection, Precision Agriculture, Machine Learning, Computer Vision.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy, affecting approximately 4-14% of pregnancies worldwide. It results from insulin resistance and ?-cell dysfunction caused by placental hormones such as human placental lactogen, progesterone, and cortisol. Uncontrolled GDM poses risks for both the mother and fetus, including macrosomia, preeclampsia, and future development of Type 2 diabetes.Physiotherapy plays a vital role in managing GDM by promoting glucose control, improving insulin sensitivity, maintaining optimal body weight, and enhancing overall maternal health. Structured exercise programs including aerobic exercises (walking, swimming, cycling), resistance training, and flexibility routines help regulate blood glucose levels and prevent complications. Following the FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) principle, moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week, combined with strength training twice weekly, is recommended.This study emphasizes that physiotherapy-based exercise interventions are safe, effective, and essential components of GDM management when integrated with medical nutrition therapy and pharmacological care. Regular physiotherapy-guided physical activity improves metabolic control, reduces insulin requirements, and contributes to healthier pregnancy outcomes for both mother and child.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Physiotherapy, Exercise Therapy, Insulin Resistance, Pregnancy, Aerobic Exercise, Strength Training.

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"Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Urinary Incontinence among Pregnant women attending Antenatal OPD in Tertiary Hospital Gangtok, Sikkim" Memory Manner1, Binita Khati2, Sonam Zangmu Sherpa3 1M.Sc. Nursing Student, 2Professor HOD OBG Nursing Dept, 3Associate Professor, Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. Abstract Introduction: One of the most prevalent health issues affecting pregnant women worldwide is urinary incontinence (UI), often known as the involuntary flow of urine. Urinary Incontinence is the term for when a person is unable to contain her urine effectively. This is a typical issue that arises and gets worse throughout pregnancy. Statistics show that 423 million (21.6%) women received UI diagnoses in 2018, making it one of the biggest regional burdens in Asia. Aims and objectives: The study was conducted to assess the Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Urinary Incontinence among Pregnant women attending Antenatal checkup in Tertiary Care Hospital Gangtok, Sikkim. Method: A pre-experimental one group pretest-post-test Research study was conducted with 63 First Trimester pregnant women who were attending antenatal check-up. Non-Probability Purposive Sampling Technique was used. Revised Urinary Incontinence Scale (RUIS) was used to measured Urinary Incontinence in pregnant women then a pelvic floor muscle exercise was taught to the pregnant women who had urinary incontinence with the help of flyer (comprises of steps and benefits of pelvic floor muscle exercise). They were asked to practice the same for 30 minutes for a period of one months. Post test was done after one month. Result: The pre-test results shows that 7(11.1%) of the first trimester pregnant women have severe urinary continence, followed by 31(49.2%) have moderate urinary incontinence, 25(39.6%) mild urinary incontinence. Whereas, in the post-test results shows that none of the first trimester have severe urinary continence, followed by 7(11.1%) have moderate urinary incontinence, 39(61.9%) mild urinary incontinence and 17(27%) have no urinary incontinence. Hence, findings indicates that pelvic floor muscles exercise was effective in improving urinary incontinence among pregnant women, with p*value <0.05 level of significant Conclusion: The study revealed that pelvic floor muscle exercise was effective in improving urinary incontinence among pregnant women. The results of this study can be taken into consideration in educating Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise to every Pregnant woman during their antenatal visits, in order to reduce the risk of Urinary Incontinence among them.

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Keywords: urinary incontinence, pelvic floor muscle exercise, first trimester pregnant women

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In today's fast-paced academic setting, students often find it hard to keep up with attendance tracking, assignment submissions, and managing tasks across various platforms. This system solves that problem by providing a single digital portal that combines key academic and productivity tools into one user-friendly web interface. It includes features like an Attendance Tracker, To-Do and Task Manager, Assignment Tracker, and Resource Repository. This setup gives students a complete view of their academic performance and responsibilities. By using predictive analytics and helpful reminders, the system helps students make better choices about attendance and deadlines. This approach lowers mental strain, improves time management, and encourages a more organized learning routine. Overall, the platform seeks to simplify academic tasks, promoting efficiency, engagement, and better academic discipline in students.

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Student Portal, Academic Dashboard, Attendance Management, Task Tracking, Assignment Monitoring, Resource Repository, Web Application, Educational Technology, Productivity Tool, Time Management.

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One of the most important functional areas of management is financial performance since a company's ability to operate effectively is heavily reliant on how well its financial resources are used. Since retained earnings provide a significant percentage of the investment money needed to maintain an ongoing business, an enterprise's potential for expansion is also influenced by its financial performance. The last ten years have seen a significant increase in the significance of financial management because of persistent inflation. The manufacturing, power and energy, service, and retail sectors' financial activities have all been significantly impacted. The retail industry's cost of capital has increased due to high interest rates. The retail industry's cost of capital has increased due to high interest rates. It has also resulted in a rise in the amount of money required to run retail operations. The sector's current working capital needs and financial expenditures for expansion, modernization, and replacement have significantly increased. As a result, the challenge of generating more funds falls on financial managers. The government strategy of limiting the amount of loanable cash has made their task more challenging. For finance managers in the retail industry, their responsibilities are more demanding, crucial, and complicated all at once.

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Profitability, net profit, operating profit, Financial Performance.

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The present study is concerned with the multifaceted challenges of access to quality school education among higher secondary students in the Tenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. Amidst efforts by the government for the universalization of education, the concept of "quality" remains elusive and unevenly distributed. The sample comprises 100 higher secondary students, and key demographic and institutional variables have been analyzed in the study: gender, locality (Urban/Rural), type of school (Government/Private), and medium of instruction (Tamil/English). The findings indicate significant disparities in the perceived and actual access to quality education. Students reported more difficulties with regards to infrastructure, digital resources, and English language proficiency from rural localities and government schools. Though there were no significant differences observed in accessing educational facilities regarding gender disparities, there were some differences observed in subject choices and career guidance. The medium of instruction turned out to be a critical differentiator, with the English medium showing a significant advantage in access to information related to higher education and employment. The study concludes that a one-size-fits-all policy is insufficient and prescribes differential intervention in terms of upgrading the infrastructure in rural and government schools, teacher training, and bridging the English language divide, ensuring quality education on equal terms to all in Tenkasi District.

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Keywords: Quality Education, Access, Higher Secondary, Tenkasi, Rural-Urban Divide, Medium of Instruction, School Type.

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Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, in The Palace of Illusions, reenacts the great Indian epic, The Mahabharata, in an entirely new way, making it look through the eyes of a woman, Draupadi, who has always been viewed as a secondary figure in a male dominated storyline. By re-creating the epic in this manner, Divakaruni contradicts the conventional patriarchal approach to the epic and makes Draupadi a strong, smart, and free woman who challenges the social conventions and gender inequalities. This essay will discuss the way Divakaruni has subverted this myth by making Draupadi to talk, and not to remain a passive character that she is turned into a symbol of resistance and agency, and self-realization. The paper also analyses the way the author incorporates myth, history and feminism to get a fresh narrative that redefines empowerment in patriarchal society.

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Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, in The Palace of Illusions, reenacts the great Indian epic, The Mahabharata, in an entirely new way, making it look through the eyes of a woman, Draupadi, who has always been viewed as a secondary figure in a male dominated storyline. By re-creating the epic in this manner, Divakaruni contradicts the conventional patriarchal approach to the epic and makes Draupadi a strong, smart, and free woman who challenges the social conventions and gender inequalities. This essay

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