Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, dysregulated cytokine signaling, and recurrent erythematous, scaly plaques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the disease, covering its etiology, immunopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and current therapeutic strategies. Genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, immune dysregulation--particularly involving the IL-23/IL-17 axis--and lifestyle factors collectively contribute to disease onset and progression. Clinical manifestations range from localized plaque lesions to severe systemic involvement, including psoriatic arthritis and metabolic syndrome. Standard treatments include topical agents, phototherapy, systemic drugs, and targeted biologics, each offering varying degrees of efficacy depending on disease severity. The review also highlights the growing role of herbal and natural ingredients with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties as complementary therapies. Recent advances such as biologics, small-molecule inhibitors, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, gene-modulating therapies, and AI-driven personalized management are transforming therapeutic outcomes and represent promising future directions. Overall, psoriasis management is shifting toward integrative, personalized, and mechanism-based approaches aimed at achieving long-term remission and improving patient quality of life.

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 Keywords

Psoriasis; immune-mediated disorder; keratinocyte hyperproliferation; cytokines; IL-17; IL-23; biologics; nanotechnology; herbal therapy; phototherapy; systemic therapy; psoriatic arthritis; personalized medicine.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) have had a significant rise in demand over the past decade, establishing themselves as a rapidly expanding sector within the pharmaceutical business. Oral drug delivery continues to be the favored method for administering a variety of medications. Recent advancements in technology have compelled scientists to create FDTs that enhance patient compliance and ease. Upon oral introduction, these tablets dissolve or disintegrate in the absence of supplementary water, facilitating the absorption of active medicinal substances. The formulation's popularity and use led to the advancement of several FDT technologies. FDTs are solid unit dose forms that disintegrate or dissolve swiftly in the mouth without the need for chewing or water. FDTs, or orally disintegrating tablets, are particularly beneficial for youngsters and the elderly who experience difficulty swallowing conventional pills and capsules. This review examines lyophilization, molding, sublimation, and compaction processes for fast-dissolving tablets (FDT), along with strategies to improve FDT characteristics, including spray drying and the incorporation of disintegrants. The discussion includes taste-masking technologies, experimental measures of disintegration time, and dissolution.

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 Keywords

Fast Dissolving Tablets (FDTs), Oral Drug Delivery, Superdisintegrants, Patient Compliance, Disintegration Mechanism, Effervescent Excipients, Rapid Drug Release, Bioavailability, Formulation Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Technology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The menstrual cycle is a complicated process that plays a key role in a woman's reproductive health and ability to have children. Knowing how it works helps women take care of their bodies and notice any changes happening inside. It's also important for dealing with different menstrual problems that teenagers might face, like irregular periods and endometriosis. While modern medicine can offer fast relief, Ayurveda gives a natural, lasting way to take care of menstrual health and keep hormones in balance. Ayurveda uses a whole-body approach, including changes in daily habits and herbal remedies, to support reproductive health and handle issues like PCOS. This chapter explains the basics of menstrual problems in teens by covering how the menstrual cycle normally works, how to keep track of menstrual health, and what to expect during a typical menstrual cycle for teenagers.

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 Keywords

Menstrual Cycle, Reproductive Health, Menstrual Disorder

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Thrombocytopenia, characterized by a reduced platelet count, is a critical haematological condition associated with increased risk of bleeding commonly associated with diseases such as dengue fever and chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression, posing significant risks of bleeding and morbidity. Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) has emerged as a promising natural therapeutic agent due to its potential to elevate platelet counts effectively. This review synthesizes current clinical and experimental evidence regarding the efficacy, mechanisms, and safety of papaya leaf extract in thrombocytopenia management. Studies demonstrate that CPLE administration accelerates platelet recovery by upregulating genes involved in hematopoiesis, including ALOX12 and PTAFR, and enhances megakaryocyte activity, thereby promoting thrombopoiesis. Clinical trials in dengue and chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia patients report significant platelet count increases, reduced hospital stays, and fewer transfusion requirements compared to controls. The review synthesizes data on efficacy, optimal dosing, formulation (e.g., juice, tablets, capsules), and safety profile. While clinical evidence, particularly in dengue-induced thrombocytopenia, While findings indicate a beneficial role for CPLE as an accessible, cost-effective adjunct therapy, limitations including variable dosing regimens and small sample sizes highlight the need for large-scale randomized controlled trials to establish standardized protocols and confirm long-term safety. This comprehensive review concludes by summarizing the current scientific consensus, highlighting existing knowledge gaps, and proposing directions for future research to fully establish CPLE as a safe and effective adjunctive therapy for thrombocytopenia and encourages further research to optimize its clinical application.

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Papaya Leaf Extract and Platelet Count: A Review of its Role in Thrombocytopenia

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Fungal infections have become a major global health issue, especially for people with weakened immune systems. These infections can range from mild, surface-level conditions to severe, life-threatening diseases caused by fungi like Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus. Several factors make someone more prone to these infections, including conditions such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, obesity, the long-term use of antibiotics, and being in a hospital setting. While drugs like azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins are effective against fungal infections, using them for long periods can lead to problems like toxicity, resistance to the drugs, and high costs. To address these issues, there is growing interest in using herbal medicines as a safer and more sustainable alternative. Plants such as Calotropis gigantea, Aloe vera, and Curcuma longa contain active compounds like flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids that can damage the structure of fungal cells, stop the production of ergosterol (which is important for fungi), and create oxidative stress within the fungal cells. These natural compounds not only show strong antifungal effects but also help support the immune system and lower inflammation. Combining herbal treatments with traditional antifungal medications could be a promising way to better manage and prevent fungal infections with fewer side effects and lower chances of drug resistance. However, more research and clinical testing are needed to create reliable, effective, and safe herbal-based treatments for fungal infections.

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 Keywords

Fungal Infections, Antifungal Agents, Herbal Medicine, Calotropis gigantea, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Phytochemicals, Antifungal Resistance, Medicinal Plants, Natural Therapy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The gastrointestinal tract is a complex and dynamic ecosystem in which the interplay between anatomy, physiology, and microbiota determines digestive efficiency, immune stability, and overall systemic health. Within this environment, probiotics defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts play a central role in maintaining microbial equilibrium and intestinal integrity. This review explores the structural and physiological framework of the gut, the mechanisms of probiotic action, and their applications in promoting health and preventing disease. Probiotics exert multifaceted effects including competitive inhibition of pathogens, production of antimicrobial metabolites, modulation of immune responses, and regulation of host metabolism. Clinically, they have demonstrated benefits in managing gastrointestinal disorders, restoring microbiota following antibiotic use, enhancing nutrient absorption, and influencing neurobehavioral responses through the gut-brain axis. The paper also discusses various dosage forms used for probiotic administration such as capsules, powders, fermented foods, and advanced encapsulated systems highlighting their relative efficacy, stability, and viability. Although probiotics are generally recognized as safe, their effectiveness is highly strain and formulation dependent, emphasizing the need for standardized clinical validation and regulatory consistency. Overall, probiotics represent a promising approach in functional nutrition and preventive medicine. Future innovations integrating microencapsulation, prebiotics, and next generation microbial strains are expected to optimize targeted delivery and therapeutic outcomes, positioning probiotics as essential components of personalized healthcare.

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Probiotics; Gut microbiota; Intestinal physiology; Immune modulation; Functional foods; Microencapsulation; Synbiotics; Gut-brain axis; Fermented dairy; Microbial therapy

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Arthritis is a broad term describing inflammation and degeneration of joints, encompassing more than 100 related disorders. The most common forms are Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease caused by cartilage wear, and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks synovial joints, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue destruction. Arthritis significantly affects mobility, daily functioning, and quality of life. RA involves abnormal immune activation, increased lymphocyte activity, formation of immune complexes, and release of inflammatory mediators that damage joint cartilage and bone. Multiple factors contribute to arthritis, including age, genetic predisposition, obesity, smoking, joint overuse, and environmental exposures. Diagnosis combines clinical assessment, imaging, and laboratory markers such as RF, ACPA, and CRP. Management includes NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, DMARDs, and supportive therapies. Herbal remedies like Moringa oleifera, rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, show potential benefits in reducing oxidative stress and joint inflammation. Understanding arthritis pathophysiology and risk factors is essential for improving early diagnosis, preventing complications, and enhancing patient outcomes.

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 Keywords

Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Joint Inflammation, Autoimmune Disease, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, NSAIDs, DMARDs, Moringa oleifera.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.), belonging to the family Lamiaceae, have gained significant global attention as a functional and nutraceutical food owing to their exceptional nutritional composition and wide pharmacological potential. Traditionally used by ancient civilizations such as the Aztecs and Mayans as a source of energy and vitality, chia has re-emerged as a modern "superfood." The seeds are rich in proteins, omega-3 fatty acids (particularly ?-linolenic acid), dietary fibers, antioxidants, and essential minerals including calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. These bioactive constituents contribute to a broad spectrum of health benefits, including cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and weight management effects. In recent years, chia has become an integral part of nutraceutical formulations and functional food applications, serving as a natural remedy for metabolic disorders and oxidative stress. The review comprehensively discusses the botanical and phytochemical profiles, nutraceutical significance, and diverse pharmacological activities of chia seeds. It also emphasizes recent advancements in extraction methodologies such as cold pressing, Soxhlet, maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Each method offers distinct advantages concerning yield, purity, and bioactive preservation. This review highlights chia's potential as a sustainable plant-based resource for the development of health-promoting nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Understanding its phytochemical diversity and optimizing extraction techniques can further enhance the therapeutic and commercial value of chia seeds in global health and nutrition sectors.

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Salvia hispanica L., Chia seeds, Nutraceuticals, Omega-3 fatty acids, Antioxidant activity, Functional food, Extraction methods, Pharmacological effects, Polyphenols, ?-linolenic acid.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A very common neurovascular condition, migraines are characterized by frequent pulsing headache attacks that are accompanied by nausea, sensory sensitivities, and functional impairment. Despite improvements in contemporary pharmacotherapy, such as NSAIDs, triptans, gepants, ditans, and CGRP-targeted medicines, therapeutic constraints such side effects, contraindications, and expense are fueling an increase in interest in alternative therapies. Aromatherapy has become a viable supplementary therapy that uses volatile plant-based essential oils applied topically or inhaled. Research indicates that essential oils influence neurochemical activity, stress reactions, and neurogenic inflammation by interacting with autonomic and olfactory-limbic pathways. Lavender is the botanical agent with the best clinical evidence for lowering migraine disability, anxiety, and pain. Lotus has neuroactive, sedative, and antioxidant qualities that may help regulate sleep and trigger control, while night jasmine offers anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Despite the positive safety and accessibility of aromatherapy, there are still few high-quality clinical research and standardization. Combining evidence-based aromatherapy with traditional medication may improve patient comfort, lessen the burden of triggers, and promote an integrated approach to migraine treatment.

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Migraine Aromatherapy, Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), Night Jasmine (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis), Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Essential Oils, Trigeminovascular System, Neurogenic Inflammation, Pharmacotherapy

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Environmental problems throughout the world have gotten worse due to the pharmaceutical industry's reliance on non-biodegradable plastic packaging. This comprehensive review investigates pharmaceutical packaging made of biodegradable polymers and how it combines with digital technology to promote sustainability and waste circularity. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were used to conduct a thorough literature review and data synthesis from 2015 to 2025. The review highlights the favourable mechanical, barrier, and biodegradability properties of polymers including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polybutylene succinate (PBS). Pharmaceutical supply chains may benefit from intelligent lifecycle evaluation, real-time monitoring, and traceability through the combination of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and RFID devices. Results show that the Circular Pharmaceutical Economy (CPE) is developed and waste management efficiency is improved by integrating green materials with digital optimization frameworks. This multidisciplinary strategy provides a revolutionary route to intelligent, ecological, and legal pharmaceutical packaging solutions.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Biodegradable polymers, Pharmaceutical packaging, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Circular economy, Smart packaging, Waste management, Sustainability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition