Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

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This research explores the political ideology and governance of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, highlighting his critical role in unifying over 560 princely states into the Indian Union and establishing effective administrative structures. It integrates Gandhian principles with a pragmatic political approach, focusing on national unity, governance efficiency, social harmony, secularism, and economic self-sufficiency. Analyzing primary materials, the study reveals Patel's consistent political philosophy and his diplomatic skills that contributed to impartial institutions and democratic governance. It also addresses the challenges Patel faced post-independence, such as Partition and economic instability, emphasizing his practical strategies as Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister. The research aims to enhance the understanding of Patel's political thought, often overshadowed by Gandhi and Nehru, through historical and content analysis of primary and secondary sources that detail his influences, administrative strategies, and legacy.

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Keywords :harmony, secularism, and economic self-sufficiency democratic governance ,Patel's political thought

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This study explores how modernization has transformed the traditional food systems of tribal communities. It analyses the shift in dietary habits, agricultural practices, and cultural food values due to modern influences. The research emphasizes the need to preserve indigenous food knowledge while adapting to modern lifestyle changes.

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Modernization, tribal communities, traditional food systems, cultural change, dietary habits.

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Introduction: The widespread use of electronic gadgets among children has become a growing concern worldwide. While these devices provide educational and recreational opportunities, their excessive use is linked to adverse bio-psycho-social effects such as eye strain, obesity, sleep disturbances, stress, poor concentration, and reduced social interaction. Despite these risks, awareness remains limited, particularly among primary school children. This study aimed to assess primary school children's knowledge in Samba District about the adverse effects of electronic gadget use to guide preventive and educational measures. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed for the study. The sample comprised 350 primary school children selected through non-probability convenience sampling from schools in Samba District. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire designed to assess the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of gadget use. The reliability of the tool was tested using the split-half method, which yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.75, indicating acceptable reliability. Data analysis was carried out using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Results: Among the 350 participants, 52.9% demonstrated inadequate knowledge regarding the adverse effects of electronic gadgets, 37.7% had moderate knowledge, and only 9.4% showed adequate knowledge. Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between knowledge levels and demographic variables such as age, parental occupation, family type, type of gadget used, and daily screen time. Conclusion: The study highlights a considerable gap in knowledge among primary school children regarding the adverse effects of electronic gadgets. Targeted educational interventions are essential to enhance awareness and promote healthier gadget usage practices.

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Keywords: Children, Bio-Psycho-Social Effects, Electronic gadgets, Knowledge, Screen time, Technology use

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Jaw fractures are among the most frequent maxillofacial injuries that require prompt and stable fixation to restore function and aesthetics. Conventional metallic fixation systems, such as titanium miniplates and screws, have served as the gold standard for decades due to their strength and reliability. However, these metallic systems often require a second surgery for removal, can interfere with growth in pediatric patients, and may complicate radiographic imaging. To overcome these issues, bioresorbable fixation devices were developed, offering sufficient stability during healing and gradual degradation thereafter. In recent years, the concept of "smart" bioresorbable systems has emerged -- integrating enhanced materials, bioactive coatings, and controlled degradation mechanisms. These systems provide both mechanical support and biological benefits, making them suitable for both adult and pediatric jaw fractures. This review discusses their development, materials, applications, advantages, limitations, and future directions.

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pediatric maxillofacial trauma, biodegradable fixation, magnesium implants, resorbable osteosynthesis, craniofacial biomaterials, growth-adaptive fixation, pediatric bone healing,.

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HPLC, Lopinavir and Ritonavir

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The study aimed to unfold the social, cognitive, and behavioural motives behind smoking dependence in relation to stress among young adults. A sample of 100 subjects in the age group between 18 and 25 was selected through purposive sampling. To assess these variables, tools including Wisconsin Index of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) (Piper ME, Piasecki TM, Federman EB, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, Baker TB. 2004). Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988) were used. The data obtained were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that there existed a significantly positive correlation all the 11 motivational domains and stress , starting with affiliative attachment(r= .415**, p <0.01) , automaticity(r= .419**, p<0.01), loss of control(r= .289**, p<0.01), cognitive enhancement(r= .370**, p<0.01), craving(r= .466**, p< 0.01), cue exposure/associative processes(r= .418**, p<0.01), Affective Enhancement(r= .418**, p<0.01), social/environmental goals(r= .242**, p<0.01), taste/sensory properties(r= .396**, p<0.01), While Tolerance(r= .096, p<0.01) and weight control (r= .414**, p<0.01) had comparatively weaker positive correlation with stress The study gives an overall understanding as to how a person cope with stress depending on smoke and what are the motivations behind smoking. This suggests a potential intervention scope for either of the two variables to curb various mental health conditions with physical health and, other emotional difficulties.

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Keywords: Smoking Dependence, social motives, cognitive motives behavioural motives, affiliative attachment, automaticity, loss of control, cognitive enhancement, craving, cue exposure/ associative processes, social/environmental goals, taste and sensory process, tolerance, taste, affective enhancement, weight control.

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Play-based learning is a child-centered educational approach that integrates play into the teaching-learning process to promote holistic development. In primary education, play serves as a natural medium through which children explore, experiment, and construct knowledge. This paper explores the significance of play-based learning in fostering cognitive, social, emotional, and physical growth. Drawing from the theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Froebel, it highlights how structured and unstructured play activities enhance curiosity, problem-solving, and collaboration among young learners. Empirical evidence supports that play-based pedagogy improves academic performance, creativity, and motivation. The study concludes by recommending effective classroom strategies to integrate purposeful play into the curriculum for meaningful and enjoyable learning experiences.

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Play-Based Learning, Primary Education, Child Development, Constructivism, Pedagogy, Creativity

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Anti-dumping laws constitute one of the most frequently invoked trade defense instruments within the multilateral trading system, aimed at offsetting the injurious effects of unfair pricing practices by foreign producers. Although grounded in the framework of the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Anti-Dumping Agreement or ADA), their contemporary application has outgrown the traditional paradigm of industrial protectionism. This paper explores the evolving role, effectiveness, and limitations of anti-dumping regimes in an era marked by complex global value chains, digital trade, and geopolitical realignments. It argues that while anti-dumping measures remain indispensable to preserving fair competition, they must undergo substantive reform to maintain legitimacy and efficiency. The study examines procedural inefficiencies, circumvention tactics, and WTO compliance challenges, drawing on India's experience and key WTO dispute settlement cases. Finally, it proposes a set of procedural, substantive, and institutional reforms designed to reconcile national industrial policy objectives with global trade obligations, ensuring that anti-dumping remains a balanced and rule-consistent trade remedy tool..

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The core keywords are: anti-dumping laws, global trade, WTO, trade remedies, dumping, India, Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), injury determination, procedural reforms, circumvention, zeroing, WTO dispute settlement, public interest, digitalization, policy reform, Appellate Body, multilateral trading system, protectionism, transparency, and global value chains

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Background: Trapezius pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder and is often associated with stress. Various therapeutic interventions, including Strong Surged Faradic Current (SSF), have been utilized to ease symptoms but immediate effect of SSF is still not known. This study was designed to evaluate the immediate effect of SSF on trigger points in the upper trapezius. Method: The study was conducted on 30 individuals aged between 18 to 24 years who had active trigger points in the upper trapezius. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Group A, received Strong Surged Faradic Current (SSF) along with conventional therapy, while Group B, received only conventional treatment. Pain tolerance at the trigger point was assessed using a pressure algometer before and after the intervention, while pain intensity was evaluated using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) pre and post treatment. Result: Both Group A and Group B showed significant improvements in within-group comparisons, with a p-value < 0.05 for both the pressure algometer and NPRS. However, when comparing between groups, there was no significant difference observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that while both Groups significantly improved pain tolerance and reduced pain intensity in upper trapezius trigger points, but there was no immediate additional benefit of SSF.

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Myofascial Trigger Points, Upper Trapezius, Strong Surged Faradic Current, NPRS

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