Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

Abstract John Milton (09 December, 1608- 08 Nov, 1674) is a poet, playwright, politician, thinker civil servant as well as social reformer. He himself is a great literary man and politician. The entire age of Milton is dominated by Civil War. Intellectual life continued with vigor surprisingly in view of the purpose of church and universities. But Puritanism, the iron - rule of Cromwell became intolerant of all artistic activities. Music, dancing, theatrical arts suffered much. Moreover, theatres were closed and all artistic activity was banned. In such situation his consciousness awakened. As we know that the freedom of will is essential for creativity. And Milton's philosophy defended freedom of will. He believed that God has given reason to man to choose the right path. Men was free to choose between wrong and right path. His will was not constrained in any way. Since, he chooses freely with any constrained, man himself was responsible for all his fortunes and misfortunes. This paper explores the doctrine of the freedom of will in Paradise Lost. Satan was left free to tempt Adam and Eve because God had given freedom of will to all including Satan. In Paradise Lost freedom consciousness signifies a state of ideal existence where individuals are librated from fear, ignorance and societal divisions living with autonomy and united in knowledge. Adam's true spiritual freedom is found in his voluntary submission to God's Law of Reason while the "fall" into human condition can be seen as a fortunate event that allows for a "paradise within" to be discovered through the struggle of gaining and using reason.

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Keywords: Freedom, Choice, Responsibility, Reason, Knowledge, Power

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Principals' perception of School Management Committees: A comparative study (in the context of Delhi and Himachal Pradesh)

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Principals' perception of School Management Committees: A comparative study (in the context of Delhi and Himachal Pradesh)

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Raja Rao (1908-2006), a pioneering Indian English novelist, masterfully navigates the terrains of home and hybridity in his narratives, reflecting the tensions between Western impact and native response in postcolonial India. His seminal works, Kanthapura (1938) and The Serpent and the Rope (1960), exemplify this dialectic: Kanthapura depicts a village's Gandhian uprising against colonial rule, blending oral traditions with modern nationalism, while The Serpent and the Rope explore Ramaswamy's spiritual quest across India and Europe, embodying Advaita Vedanta amid cultural fusions. Drawing on Homi Bhabha's hybridity, Rao's narratives subvert Western forms--English language, novel structure--to articulate native essence: "We cannot write like the English. We should not. We can write only as Indians" (Kanthapura, Foreword, p. v). Home emerges as metaphysical India, disrupted by colonial modernity, eliciting responses from passive mimicry to assertive reclamation. Through Moorthy's satyagraha in Kanthapura--"There is but one force in life and that is Truth" and Ramaswamy's philosophical wanderings--"The actual, the real has no name" (The Serpent and the Rope, p. 378)--Rao critiques Western materialism, advocating syncretic identities. This paper analyzes Rao's narrative world as a site of hybrid negotiation, contributing to postcolonial studies by highlighting how his fiction rewrites home as a resilient, transcultural space amid Western encroachments. In 2025's globalized era, Rao's vision underscores literature's role in forging decolonized selves.

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home, hybridity, Western impact, native response, postcolonial narrative, cultural fusion, Gandhian resistance

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Abstract :- The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was formally established in 1961 during the Cold War to Provide a Platform for Country that did not wish to align with either the United States or the Soviet Union. Over the decades, NAM has evolved to address issues of global peace, development, and Cooperation. This Paper explores its historical Journey and Contemporary relevance.

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Keywords :- Non - Aligned Movement, Cold war, International Relations, Peace Development, Global south

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The construction industry and concrete manufacturers have realized that they will need to use available aggregate rather than search for the perfect aggregate to make an ideal concrete suitable for all purposes. Simultaneously significant increase in the other construction materials production like steel will produce a lot of industrial waste such as used foundry sand. This can be used in the production of concrete for specific purposes. In this work, effects of utilization of used-foundry sand as partial replacement for regular sand (fine aggregate) in concrete were investigated. The data obtained in this investigation will be used to establish mixture proportions for concrete and construction applications

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waste foundry sand, compressive strength, water absorption

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Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen associated with a wide range of human infections, from minor skin lesions to severe systemic diseases. A key factor underlying its pathogenicity is the diverse set of toxins it produces. These toxins not only damage host tissues but also alter immune responses, allowing the bacterium to establish and sustain infections. The toxins of S. aureus can be broadly categorized into pore-forming toxins, superantigens, exfoliative toxins, and enterotoxins. Pore-forming toxins, including alpha-toxin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), disrupt host cell membranes and cause cell death, contributing to necrotizing pneumonia, abscesses, and skin infections. Superantigens, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and several enterotoxins, bypass normal immune regulation and trigger an exaggerated T-cell response, resulting in massive cytokine release. These are responsible for conditions like toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. Exfoliative toxins (ETA and ETB) specifically degrade epidermal adhesion proteins, producing the blistering skin disorder known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, particularly in neonates and children. Enterotoxins play a major role in foodborne outbreaks due to their ability to resist heat and digestive enzymes, making them stable contaminants in improperly handled food. In chronic infections, toxins also act within biofilms, sustaining local inflammation and protecting bacteria from host defenses. This adds to the difficulty of treating persistent infections and often contributes to antibiotic resistance, particularly in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Regulation of toxin production is controlled by the accessory gene regulator (agr) system, which coordinates expression in response to bacterial density. Insights into these pathways have encouraged exploration of alternative therapeutic approaches, including toxin-neutralizing antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, and vaccines. Such strategies may prove especially important as antibiotic resistance continues to rise. Overall, S. aureus toxins play a central role in disease pathogenesis by mediating tissue damage, immune modulation, and systemic complications. Their contribution to both acute and chronic conditions underscores their importance as therapeutic targets. A clearer understanding of their mechanisms and regulation not only advances knowledge of bacterial virulence but also supports the development of novel approaches to prevent and manage staphylococcal infections.

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Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; Toxins; Virulence factors; Pathogenesis; Human diseases

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For Daily basic health care in industrialized countries, due to their safety, efficiency, and low side effects, natural herbal medications are in high demand. Since ancient age, plants and extracts have been researched and documented for their bioactive compounds that contribute to many significant medicinal characteristics. Artemisia pallens Wall is a medicinally significantly plant from the Asteraceae family. In phytochemical study, phenols, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponin, triterpenes, fatty esters, steroids, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and other substances are found that could be employed in traditional remedies to treat various health conditions. Ayurveda uses A. pallens to treat measles, cough, cold, depression, diabetes, and high blood pressure. The plant contains essential oils called Davana contributes to the various therapeutic properties like anti-microbial, anthelmintic, antipyretic, anti-spasmodic, wound healing activity, stimulant, etc. Davana is the most significant aromatic herb utilized in the perfume and cosmetic industries, with India being the top exporter of Davana oil globally. The current review deals with the study of the existing therapeutic importance of A. palllens with diverse future potential perspectives.

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Artemisia pallens, Davana, Phytochemicals, Therapeutics, Natural, Traditional.

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Anita Desai and Shashi Deshpande, the two pioneer female writers of India, are deeply concerned with the lives, struggles, and suffering of women, which has been beautifully shown in their novels like Cry, the Peacock, Fire on the Mountain, Where Shall We Go This Summar?, The Dark Holds No Terrors, and That Long Silence. The novels showed various problems faced by women in the society of that time. Along with this, it has also been seen that there is a lack of interpersonal communication between the main characters, which leads to poor mental health, feelings of isolation, reduced emotional support, misunderstanding, and conflicts. Communication is the exchanging of thoughts and feelings or sharing each other's problems and troubles that increases the elasticity between any relation. Both writers showed that the characters did not give importance to their communication skills. The gender domination also plays a key role in the communication gap among the various relations. In patriarchal society, men take the decision and impose it on others and don't think to concern themselves with their female partners, which shows negligence towards females. These negligence and unwillingness decrease the attachment, and hence the suppressed entity has to go through various issues. Through this article, I would like to focus on the importance of communication that might diminish various conflicts between Maya and Gautam, Nanda and Raka, Sita and Raman, Sarita and Manohar, and Jaya and Mohan.

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Isolation, mental health, unwillingness, elasticity, gender domination, Interpersonal communication

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The Organizational Life Cycle (OLC) is a theoretical framework that describes how organizations evolve through predictable stages of birth, growth, maturity, and decline, similar to the biological cycle of living beings. This study provides an in-depth exploration of OLC models, including classical frameworks proposed by Lippitt and Schmidt, Greiner, Adizes, and Miller & Friesen, along with contemporary adaptations such as Kazanjian's dynamic model and Phelps et al.'s "state" model. The paper highlights how each model conceptualizes organizational evolution, managerial challenges, and strategies for sustainability. Furthermore, the research explores the scope of OLC in various business domains, including finance, strategy, operations, and human resource management. By integrating theoretical perspectives with practical implications, this paper emphasizes that understanding the life cycle equips managers to optimize resources, improve organizational performance, anticipate crises, and adapt strategies to changing environments. The findings reaffirm that OLC models not only act as analytical tools but also serve as practical guides for long-term organizational survival and competitiveness.

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Organizational Life Cycle, Business Growth, Management Models, Strategic Planning, Organizational Development, Organizational Change

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition