Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

Mouth dissolving tablets are those that dissolve or disintegrate quickly in the oral cavity, resulting in solution or suspension. In the present study Mouth dissolving tablet of Meclizine was prepared by direct compression method using crosspovidone, Crosscarmellose and Indion 414, as superdisintegrants. FT-IR study shows that there is no significant interactions occur between drug and excipient. The tablets prepared were evaluated for various parameters like various density parameters, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time, wetting time and In-vitro dissolution time. All the parameters were found to be within limits. The developed formulation of Meclizine batch F8 (9 % Indion 414) showed good palatability and dispersed within 30 seconds as compared to crosscarmellose

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 Keywords

Mouth dissolving tablets, crosspovidone, superdisintegrants, Indion 414 and FT-IR

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Abstract: The evolution of mobile communication from 5G to 6G marks a revolutionary shift in the way smart cities operate, communicate, and optimize resources. This paper presents a comprehensive review of advanced communication protocols, focusing on the design and optimization aspects of 5G and emerging 6G technologies for intelligent urban ecosystems. Fifth-generation (5G) communication introduces high-speed connectivity, low latency, and massive device interconnectivity through technologies such as Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), beamforming, and network slicing. However, the exponential rise in data demand, ultra-reliable communication requirements, and the integration of billions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices necessitate further innovation--ushering in the sixth generation (6G). 6G envisions unprecedented performance with terabit-level data rates, sub-millisecond latency, and integrated sensing, computing, and communication capabilities powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). The paper analyzes the performance parameters such as channel capacity, spectral and energy efficiency, latency, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), highlighting their implications for smart city applications including autonomous transportation, real-time environmental monitoring, and advanced healthcare systems. The review concludes by identifying key design challenges and future research directions necessary to achieve efficient, adaptive, and sustainable communication infrastructures for next-generation smart cities.

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 Keywords

5G Communication, 6G Networks, Smart Cities

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Rapimelt Tablets are oral solid dosage forms that disintegrate in the oral cavity in easy swallow residue. Rapimelt tablets are also known as Mouth dissolving tablets, Orally disintegrating tablets, Melt- in- mouth, Fast dissolving drug delivery, Rapimelts tablets, Porous tablets, Quick dissolving tablets etc. Recently ODT terminology has been approved by United States Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Recently, ODT have started gaining popularity and acceptance as new drug delivery systems, because they are easy to administer and lead to better patient compliance especially in elderly and children. In order to allow fast dissolving tablets to dissolve in the mouth, they are made of either very porous and soft- moulded matrices or compressed into tablets with very low compression force, which makes the tablets friable and/or brittle, which are difficult to handle, often requiring specialized peel-off blister packaging. Along with the rapid market growth of ODT products, the technologies, too, have advanced considerably over the years. The newest generation of ODTs can produce more robust, versatile tablets that overcome some of the limitations of earlier ODTs. Companies such as Eurand can produce pleasant tasting tablets, overcoming the common problem of poor drug taste compromising the benefits of an ODT.

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 Keywords

Rapimelt Tablets, swallow, Mouth dissolving tablets, patient compliance, pleasant tasting tablets

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Females constitute about 48.6% of rural population in India. Their empowerment is crucial for socioeconomic development of the country. Today, women are playing important roles in almost every sector and have left their mark in making of new India. Government of India has made significant impact in empowering rural women through economic inclusion, assuring social parity and ease of living. Role of rural women participation in workforce was estimated to be 24.8 percent and out of which 80 percent are engaged in agriculture and allied sector. Being an important demographic dividend, rural women empowerment can be an important contributor for economic reforms in achieving UN-millennium goals by 2030.

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Empowerment, sector, inclusion, participation, allied

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Rapimelt Tablet tablets are those that dissolve or disintegrate quickly in the oral cavity, resulting in solution or suspension. Almotriptan significantly reduced the number of Migraine Pain, their intensity score and their duration compared to the placebo both in MD and PPV. In the present study Rapimelt Tablet tablet for the treatment of Migraine was prepared by direct compression method using crosspovidone, Crosscarmellose and Indion 414, as superdisintegrants in a ratio of 6%, 9% and 12% respectively. FT-IR study shows that there is no significant interactions occur between drug and excipient. The tablets prepared were evaluated for various parameters like various density parameters, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time, wetting time and In-vitro dissolution time. All the parameters were found to be within limits. The developed formulation of Almotriptan batch F8 (9% Indion 414) showed good palatability and dispersed within 30 seconds as compared to other superdisintigrants

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Rapimelt Tablet, Almotriptan, superdisintegrants, Indion 414 and In-vitro dissolution time

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Atisara, or diarrhea, is one of the most common and potentially serious health concerns affecting infants and young children worldwide, contributing significantly to pediatric morbidity and mortality. In Ayurveda, this condition is classified under Atisara, a disorder of aggravated Doshas leading to excessive and frequent passage of liquid stools. Atisara is classified as a disease caused by derangement of agni (digestive fire), Doshas (especially vata), and improper dietary practices. In modern medicine, pediatric diarrhoea is often viral in origin but may also be caused by bacteria, parasites or food intolerance. This article reviews the Ayurvedic understanding of Atisara, its clinical features, modern correlations, and the integrated approach to its management in children.

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Atisara, Atisara, Infantile Diarrhea, Ayurveda, Grahi, Agnimandya, Pediatric Care

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Abstract: Introduction- The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionised genome editing by enabling efficient, programmable, and cost-effective modifications of DNA across diverse organisms. Since its adaptation from bacterial adaptive immunity, CRISPR-Cas9 has rapidly transitioned from preclinical models to early human clinical trials, establishing itself as a transformative platform in modern therapeutics. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its potential to correct disease-causing mutations, model complex pathologies, and accelerate drug discovery. Methodology- Clinical applications are already underway in blood disorders such as sickle cell disease and ?-thalassemia, where the FDA-approved therapy exagamglogene autotemcel (CASGEVY(TM)) represents the first CRISPR-based treatment. Additional trials, including EDIT-101 for Leber congenital amaurosis and NTLA-2001 for transthyretin amyloidosis, underscore its versatility across genetic and metabolic diseases. CRISPR is also being explored in oncology, infectious diseases, and rare disorders, while next-generation systems such as Cas12, Cas13, base and prime editors, and epigenome regulators are broadening its capabilities. Despite remarkable progress, challenges remain regarding off-target effects, delivery efficiency, immune responses, long-term safety, and ethical concerns, particularly in the context of germline editing. Conclusion -Advances in delivery platforms, high-fidelity nucleases, and computational tools are addressing these barriers, while integration with AI, nanotechnology, and synthetic biology promise to expand the precision and applicability of genome editing. In short, CRISPR-Cas9 is at the vanguard of genetic medicine as a tool for both study and treatment. Its clinical translation offers the unprecedented potential for one-time, curative therapies, but realising this promise will require not only technical refinement but also equitable access, global governance, and ethical responsibility.

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1)CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing 2)Therapeutic gene editing strategies 3)Clinical genome editing applications 4)Base and prime editing 5)Epigenome and transcriptome editing 6)Gene therapy delivery systems 7)Off-target editing effects 8)Sickle cell disease therapy 9)?-thalassemia gene therapy 10)Cancer immunotherapy using CRISPR 11)Rare genetic disease treatment 12)Personalised precision medicine approaches

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Persistent rural-urban disparities in access to higher education and high dropout rates remain critical challenges in Mizoram's government colleges. Students from rural areas often encounter barriers such as limited academic resources, economic constraints, and inadequate institutional support, resulting in lower enrolment and higher dropout rates compared to their urban counterparts. This study investigated enrolment and dropout patterns in government colleges of Mizoram over five academic years, i.e., 2019 to 2024. The objectives were to determine the total student enrolment, analyse the distribution between rural and urban areas, and compare these patterns across the specified years. Additionally, the study examined the overall dropout rate and computed separate dropout rates for rural and urban students, followed by a comparative evaluation. Data were obtained from secondary sources, including the All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) and state-level statistical abstracts. Descriptive statistics, trend analysis, and comparative measures were applied to assess enrolment dynamics and dropout patterns. The findings highlighted continuing inequities in access and retention, reinforcing the need for targeted policy measures to bridge rural-urban gaps and reduce dropout rates in Mizoram's government colleges.

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Higher Education, Mizoram, Rural Enrolment, Urban Enrolment, Dropout Rate, Enrolment Disparity.

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This study examines the recent, major reforms in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) framework in India (referred to as "GST 2.0") and analyzes their immediate and projected impact on the Indian automobile sector. The latest changes, effective from September 2025, represent a significant tax rationalization by simplifying the previous multi-rate structure (including 12% and 28% slabs plus cesses) into a clearer framework, primarily featuring 5%, 18%, and a new 40% rate for luxury goods. The reform's most profound impact is on affordability and demand stimulation in the mass-market segments. GST on small cars (under 4m, specific engine capacities) and two-wheelers (<=350cc) has been reduced substantially from 29-31% to 18%. This tax cut is designed to lower on-road prices, boost first-time buyers, revive the entry-level segment, and particularly drive consumption in rural and semi-urban markets, as evidenced by initial reports of surging bookings during the festive season. The latest GST reforms However, even with simplification, there are several potential disadvantages, particularly for specific sectors, businesses, and consumers during the transition phase. The long-term sustainability of this growth and its full translation into higher Input Tax Credit (ITC) utilization and fresh capacity investments warrant continuous monitoring.

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GST, Manufacturing, Auto sector, indirect tax.

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Post-Independence India remains segregated based on sociocultural differences, which over time have only been exacerbated by the surge of technological advancements and globalisation. Despite this rapid development rate, individuals within the borders defined by differences in income, education, healthcare, and employment opportunities share different realities. These realities could be as basic as the inability to afford stationery for school or as complex as facing social isolation due to their perceived social status, like caste. These realities, alongside background, economic status, opportunities, and social class, all influence people's outlook of themselves, often resulting in the Confidence Gap . Confidence is powerful as it governs the way individuals perceive themselves and their potential, how they interpret problems and seize opportunities. Thus, playing a major role in facilitating career advancements. It also impacts the way individuals interact with one another and their willingness to engage in conversation with less-known individuals. Therefore, it also impacts social (both professional and personal) relationships. The 'confidence gap' or the difference between individuals' abilities and the confidence within their abilities, emphasises how people from low-income areas and women tend to believe in themselves less . This concept is mainly moulded by the rhetoric of the West, and primarily applied in the context of gender, which covers the influence of gender and social stereotypes on one's self-conviction. The patriarchal setup of society results in women having lower self-confidence due to societal pressures which set an expectation for them to remain "perfect", while men are provided with more room to make mistakes. This results in women often avoiding new opportunities due to the fear of failure. This difference in confidence is also prevalent among students (as well as teachers) from rural and urban areas within India. The influence of their backgrounds, ability to speak English, and socioeconomic status can all sway their confidence, which often results in their perceiving themselves as inferior compared to individuals from urban areas. This can lead to limited exposure to socio-economic opportunities and development, which in turn only further exacerbates the divide between urban and rural individuals. The education system, being one of the primary systems through which students are first exposed to the concept of confidence, plays a major role in shaping the self-belief of students . As confidence stems from the environment, with a more stable and reassuring schooling environment, as well as a home environment wherein education is prioritised, students often tend to have better confidence. Additionally, teachers play a major role as students tend to take after them. Thus, showcasing a direct correlation between the education system and the confidence of students.

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 Keywords

Humanities

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