Volume 13 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Plant diseases and pests are major factors that dictate yield and quality of plants. Identification of plant diseases and pests can be done using digital image processing. Recent years have brought a breakthrough in digital image processing by deep learning that far outstrips what can be achieved with traditional techniques. One big issue among researchers is that developing deep learning technology is going into research on plant diseases and pests identification. This review provides the definition of the problem in plant diseases and pests detection and compares traditional methods used in plant diseases and pests detection. Based on the differences in the network structure, this paper summarizes research on plant disease and pest detection using deep learning over the last few years, which include classification networks, detection networks, and segmentation networks, and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. Common datasets are introduced, and performance of existing studies is compared. Based on this, the paper will introduce possible challenges for practical application in deep learning-based plant diseases and pests detection. Additionally, possible solutions and research ideas concerning the challenges will be proposed, and some suggestions are offered. Finally, this study will give the analysis and prospect of the future trend of plant diseases and pests detection based on deep learning.

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 Keywords

Key words: deep learning,plant diseases, image processing,deep learning,digital image processing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Traffic Rotary at road intersections is special form of grade change of lanes to channelize movement of vehicles in one direction around a central traffic island. With rapid growth of traffic, it is experienced that widening of roads and providing flyovers have become imperative to overcome major conflicts at intersections such as collision between through and right-turn movements. In this way, major conflicts are converted into milder conflicts like merging and diverging. The vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced to move in a clockwise direction. They then weave out of the rotary to the desired direction. The crossing of vehicles is avoided by allowing all vehicles to merge into a stream around the rotary and then to diverge out to the desired radiating road. Thus, the crossing conflicts eliminate and convert into weaving section or a merging operation from right and a diverging operation to the left.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Traffic Intersection, Rotary Design, Passenger Car Unit,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cross-country pipelines are robust enough to transport oil and gas. All these pipes are interconnected, and the welds are meticulously examined using advanced techniques such as ultrasound and X-ray. However, there is an issue: imperfections in the pipe ends (bevel area or pipe body) can obstruct the ultrasound signals, masking defects within the weld. To prevent this, rigorous regulations govern the permissible number of defects on the pipe ends This manuscript examines the requirement for two additional testing techniques, Magnetic Particle (MT) and Penetrant Testing (PT), on the slanted edges (bevels) where the pipes are connected. We will investigate whether these tests are essential even if an ultrasound examination is performed before the creation of the bevels. When an ultrasound examination is used after the bevels are formed, there is an area that is not visible via Ultrasonic Testing. In such instances, MT and PT are essential to guarantee a secure and dependable weld in the field.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

NDT, Ultrasonic testing, Welding, Magnetic Particle Testing, Penetrant Testing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The hospitality industry is increasingly adopting eco-friendly practices to promote sustainability while enhancing guest pride. Eco-friendly initiatives tasks in hotels include electricity efficiency, waste discount, water conservation, sustainable sourcing of materials, and using renewable power.by integrating green practices, hotels not best minimize their environmental effect however also appeal to eco-conscious tourists, contributing to fantastic brand popularity and purchaser loyalty. guests are getting greater privy to sustainability, and their choices are using the call for eco-friendly accommodations. This abstract explores the diverse sustainable practices being carried out in accommodations, their benefits in terms of environmental impact and value discount, and how these efforts make contributions to guest delight and universal business achievement. The developing trend of eco-conscious hospitality presents an possibility for inns to guide in sustainable tourism and make certain long-term profitability.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Eco-friendly practices, sustainability, hotel industry, visitor delight, power performance, waste reduction, water conservation, sustainable sourcing, renewable power, inexperienced tourism.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Clinical studies play a pivotal role in the field of pharmacy by providing essential data that informs drug development, efficacy, safety, and optimal use in patient populations. These studies are the cornerstone of evidence-based practice, bridging the gap between theoretical pharmacological knowledge and real-world application. Clinical trials are conducted in multiple phases, each designed to address specific aspects of drug evaluation. Phase I focuses on safety, Phase II evaluates efficacy, and Phase III involves large-scale trials to confirm the drug's effectiveness across diverse populations. Phase IV, or post-marketing surveillance, monitors long-term effects and potential adverse reactions after the drug enters the market. Pharmacy professionals play a critical role in designing, conducting, and analysing clinical trials. They ensure proper methodology, patient recruitment, adherence to ethical standards, and accurate data interpretation. Additionally, pharmacists are instrumental in managing pharmacovigilance, ensuring ongoing safety monitoring through adverse event reporting and post-market surveillance. The integration of clinical studies into pharmacy practice enhances the understanding of drug interactions, patient-specific factors, and the broader impact of medications on public health. Moreover, clinical trials aid in the development of new therapeutic agents, expanding treatment options for patients with unmet medical needs. By advancing personalized medicine, clinical studies contribute significantly to the evolving landscape of pharmaceutical care, guiding therapeutic decision-making and improving health outcomes. The continued collaboration between clinical researchers and pharmacists is crucial for maximizing the benefits of clinical studies in improving patient care and advancing pharmaceutical sciences.

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 Keywords

Clinical, Clinical study, Clinical Development, Pharmacovigilance, Human trials.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long term condition characterized by consistently elevation of arterial blood pressure. It is a significant global health issue because of its strong association with heart diseases (CVDs), coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Despite being asymptomatic in its early stages, hypertension, often termed the "silent killer," causes progressive damage to vital organs. This review provides an in-depth discussion of hypertension's pathophysiology, focusing on mechanisms such as increased peripheral resistance, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system overactivation, sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity, impaired renal function, and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, diagnostic criteria and classification of blood pressure levels are explored, along with screening recommendations for early detection. Management strategies are highlighted, emphasizing lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and the importance of individualized treatment plans. The article also addresses special considerations for hypertensive crises and unique patient populations, including those with chronic kidney disease, the elderly, and pregnant women. By understanding the multifaceted nature of hypertension, clinicians can develop effective strategies to mitigate its complications and improve patient outcomes

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Hypertension, Patient , Factors, medications

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study delves into the financial literacy and decision-making capabilities of women entrepreneurs, with a particular focus on Coimbatore, India. The research investigates various factors that influence their entrepreneurial journeys, such as the challenges they face, their motivations for starting businesses, and the critical role of financial awareness in ensuring business sustainability. By adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study incorporates both qualitative and quantitative data, including surveys and interviews, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject. It further explores the impact of gender norms, educational background, family dynamics, and government support on women entrepreneurs' ability to make informed business decisions. The research also highlights the key barriers that limit women's access to financial resources and knowledge, and how these challenges hinder their overall business growth. Additionally, the study proposes strategies to enhance financial literacy among women entrepreneurs, including educational programs, access to mentorship, and government initiatives. The study aims to foster inclusive economic growth and contribute to the broader goal of gender equality in entrepreneurship. Overall, this research seeks to provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and entrepreneurs themselves to drive positive change.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Financial literacy, Women entrepreneurs, Gender norms, Business sustainability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research delves into the contrasting landscape of bail provisions enshrined in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the newly introduced Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS). Through a meticulous examination, the analysis dissects the criteria employed by each law in determining the grant of bail. This includes a critical evaluation of factors considered by courts, such as the nature of the offense, flight risk, and potential to tamper with evidence. Furthermore, the research meticulously compares the conditions imposed on bail by both the CrPC and the BNSS. This analysis sheds light on any potential differences in stringency or focus, such as limitations on travel or contact with witnesses. Finally, the research will identify unique features specific to each law. This may encompass provisions related to anticipatory bail, mandatory bail after a certain period of detention, or specific considerations for vulnerable categories like women or children. By providing a comprehensive comparison of these crucial elements, the research aims to illuminate the evolving framework of bail in India's criminal justice system. This analysis will be valuable to legal professionals, policymakers, and anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the right to liberty and its safeguards in the context of pre-trial detention.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Bail, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS),Offence, Witness, India's criminal justice system, Judicial Discretion

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Union Parishad is the lowest tier of local government institution which provides service to citizens at their doorsteps. It is the only institution that ensures good governance, development planning, implementation, transparency, and accountability for rural areas in Bangladesh. The latest local Government (Union Parishad) Act 2009 has created an opportunity to ensure participation and effective service to the citizens. By ensuring the best service to the citizen in local areas, union parishad can improve the living standard of local people and the development of the country as a whole. Moreover, actual sustainable development cannot be insured without the development of the status of local people, and for that union parishad play a catalytic role because of its functions, activities, role, and responsibility towards the citizen. Local institutions like union parishad ensure the best service to the citizen for promoting democracy, good governance, people participation, etc. Over the last few decades, Bangladesh see rapid growth but in local areas, people still face the problem of getting services because of institutional and outside reasons. In this research, we have been finding out the current problems which are being faced by the citizen in a particular union parishad in Feni Sadar Upazila. This is exploratory and descriptive research where survey method deployed on citizens and interviewing on union parishad bodies has been used based on multi-stage sampling in mixed approach. This is based on primary data in the area of 2 no Panchgachia union in Feni Sadar upazila at Feni district, where 200 respondents (190 citizens and 10 union parishad members) are taken by random sampling method. The findings of the study prove that most people face different kinds of problems when they seek service from union parishad. Reason of those challenges as respondent pointed out political, educational, economic, and social structure play a very significant role in terms of getting service from union parishad. This study reveals some ways to solve those problems for providing effective service to the citizen in the local area.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Decentralization, Elected body, Local resident

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key words: Effectiveness, Sensitization Program, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Mothers, Home based diarrhoeal management, Under five children.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition